Cells, tissues, glands, and membranes Flashcards
the structural and functional units of all living organisms
Cells
They are the smallest independent units of life with different parts that perform their own function.
Cells
Substances such as water, electrolytes and nutrients move in and out of a cell utilizing
transport system
There is constant movement of fluid and electrolytes between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. The movement of fluid and electrolytes ensures that the cells receive a constant supply of electrolytes, such as sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, phosphates, bicarbonate and calcium, for cellular function
Cells
The cell consists of four basic parts:
cell membrane
cytoplasm
organelles
characteristic functions of the cell include the following:
Cell metabolism and energy use
Synthesis of molecules
Communication
Reproduction and inheritance
Lipid bilayer composed of phopholipids and cholesterol; proteins extend across or are embedded in either surface of the lipid bilayer
Plasma membrane
Functions as the outer boundary of cells, controls the entry and exit of substances; receptor proteins function in intercellular communication; marker molecules enable cells to recognize one another
PPlasma membrane
Enclosed by nuclear envelope, a double membrane with nuclear pores; contains chromatin (dispersed, thin strands of DNA and associated proteins), which condenses to become visible mitotic chromosomes during cell division; also contains one or more nucleoli, dense bodies consisting of ribosomal RNA and proteins.
Nucleus
Is the control center of the cell; DNA within regulates protein synthesis and therefore the chemical reactions of the cell
Nucleus
__ RNA and proteins from large and small subnits; some are attached to ER, whereas others are distributes throught the cytoplasm
Ribosome
Serves as site of protein synthesis
Ribosome
Membranous tubules and flattened sacs with attached ribosomes
Rough ER
Synthesizes proteins and transports them to golgi apparatus
Rough ER
Membranous tubules and flattened sacs with no attached ribosomes
Smooth ER
Manufactures lipids and carbohydrates; detoxifies harmful chemicals; stores calcium
Smooth ER
Flattened membrane sacs stacked on each other
Golgi apparatus
Modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use
Golgi apparatus
Membrane-bound vesicle pinched off golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Contains digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
Membrane-bound vesicle
Peroxisome
Serves as one site of lipid and amino acid degradation; breaks down hydrogen preoxide
Peroxisome
Tubelike protein complexes in the cytoplasm
Proteasomes
Break down proteins in the cytoplasm.
Proteasomes
