Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Tips daif 1 > Flashcards

Tips daif 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organic Part of Nucleotide

A

Pentose - Nitrogen Base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Inorganic Part of Nucleotide

A

Phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Elements in Deoxyribose sugar

A

CHO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Elements of Nitrogen bases

A

CHNO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Adenine common also in

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The non terminal phosphate =

A

Not the last free group = conjugated = a group between 2 sugars
Att. with 5th carbon in its nucleotide - 3rd carbon of adj. Nucelotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Both studies identified Franklins Studies - Watson and Crick Model of DNA

A

-The spiral/helical shape of the molecule
-The position of nitrogen bases and sugar phosphates
·The presence of >1 strand in the molecule’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Watson and Crick helped us in identifying

A

the chemical bond between the nitrogen bases and that nucleotides on each strand must be antiparallel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

لو عملنا نفس تجربة فرانكلين علي فايرس RNA

A

The nitrogenous bases are perpendicular to one of sides of a single sugar-phospbate backbone
و مش هتعرف انه اكتر من ستراند

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

العرررض

A

مبيتغيرش يا دكترة

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Strands must be ANTIPARALLEL,WHY???

A

hydrogen bonds can attach properly and each purine is Linked with pyrimidine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Covalent Is .. than Hydrogen

A

Stronger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

·Hydrogen and covalent bonds

A

are in each of the DNA molecules and Proteins.( maintain the shape of protein )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hydrogen bonds: Responsible for stability DNA , but why WEAK ?

A

to be easily broken cellular processes like DNA REPLICATION.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Peptide bonds are only found In

A

proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Each turn in the double helix

A

20 nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Each turn in the single strand

A

10 nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The half thickness of DNA molecule
The complete thickness of DNA molecule

A

Inm
2nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The distance between two successive sugar molecules on the same strand of DNA

A

0.34 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The length of 1 turn

A

10x0.34=3.4nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The Length of 3 turns

A

3.4nm * 3 = 10.2 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Number of double hydrogen bonds

A

Number of A or T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Number of triple hydrogen bonds

A

Number of G or C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Number of hydrogen bonds

A

Number of double hydrogen2 + Number of triple hydrogen3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

No of turns in DNA strand =

A

nucleotides in one strand/ 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Number of turns in a DNA mol

A

·Number of turns in DNA mol of nucleotides in the double molecule / 20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

1 Rung

A

2 Nitrogenous bases (1 purine + 1pyrimidine) (3 chemical rings) (2 of purines and 1 of pyrimidines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

No of rungs =

A

No of purines = no. of Pyramidine = No of Nucleotides on one strand = Total nuceleotides on both strands / 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

No rings =

A

Rung / 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

امتي يكون
A + T = G + C

A

لما يكون كل واحد منهم 25 في المية

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

القانون العام

A

A + T = G + C
50% = 50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

No. linked ( bonded ) phosphate group = Phosphodiester bonds =

A

Nucleotides - 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

No Carbons of Deoxyribose sugar in DNA molecule

A

No nucleotides * 5
No turns * 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

عدد ال carbon اللي مش متصلة بالنيتروجينوس بيز

A

No. Nucleotides * 4
واحدة بس اللي مش متصلة

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Number of Oxygen atoms in deoxyribose sugar

A

4 atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Number of Oxygen atoms in ribose sugar

A

5 atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Number of carbons in both deoxyribose and ribose sugar

A

5 atoms (Pentose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The no. of oxygen atoms in a phosphate group

A

4 atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

RNA is single stranded so to know the N.Bs

A

Should be tested chemically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Any protein is amino acid

A

Ture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

All amino acids form Protein

A

No – Non - protein amino acids in plants – Canavanine - Cephalosporines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Number of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain = Number of water molecules removed = ..

A

No. amino acids -1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

لو جابلك polypip اشكااال

A

ابقي عد ال Peptide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

ازاي تختار ال piptide bond في الاشكال

A

ال c
اللي ماسكة بدابل بوند مع ال O
و في البرانش مع ال N
هي البوند اللي بين ال C و ال N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Dehydration reaction or Condensation reaction

A

is a chemical reaction in which a chemical bond is formed, causing a molecule of water to be released
- In sugar-phosphate between adjacent nucleotides on the same strand
- In peptide chains between adjacent amino acids (peptide bond formation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the difference between Thymosin and Thyroxine Hormone in its structure?

A

1) Number, types and arrangement of the 20 amino acids in the polymers (polypeptide
2 ) 2) Number of polypeptide chains forming the protein.
3 ) Presence of weak hydrogen bonds between the polypeptide chain which give the protein special shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Structural Protein

A

Keratin : Protective covering tissues as SKIN which acts as a first line of defense in immune system
·Fibrous proteins (Actin and Myosin
Collagen
Histones proteins
Structural non-histones proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Regulatory Protein

A

Antibodies which provide immunity against infection by foreign bodies.
Enzymes
Blood proteins
Regulatory non-histones proteins
Hormones ( Only proteinc ones )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Hydrogen
Bonds in
Protein
structure

A

Give the protein
its special shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Hydrogen Bonds in DNA
structure

A

Maintain the double helix
(spiral helix)of the DNA
molecule by connecting
the 2 (opposite or Complementary for stability )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Eukaryotic Organisms

A

May be unicellular or Multicellular
May reproduce Sexually or Asexually
Examples: Human Amoeba, Yeast,Planaria,Fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Prokaryotic Organisms

A

Unicellular only
Reproduce Asexually
Examples : E.coli bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

E.coli in Prokaryotes and Yeast in Eukaryotes are similar in

A

the presence of plasmids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

خلي بالك ان ال
Prokaryotes
تقول عليها بس DNA مش chromosome

A

عشان لازم الكروموسوم يبقي فيه بروتين

55
Q

Bacteria

A

have only one DNA molecule, therefore it carries one copy of traits (Haploid).

56
Q

Not all Prokaryotes have Plasmids but ..

A

if they have, they can have more than one.

57
Q

Length of main circular DNA is much longer than the Length of Bacteria, and for that reason the main DNA is super coiled and folded many times to fit in without Proteins.

A

length of main circular DNA = 1.4 mm
Length of Bacteria = 2 microns

58
Q

DNA in Prokaryotes- Plasmid

A

Circular

59
Q

DNA in Prokaryotes-

A

Found in prokaryotic organisms

60
Q

Plasmid

A

Found in prokaryotic organisms and some Eukaryotic organism (e.g.yeast fungus

61
Q

DNA in Prokaryotes- Plasmid

A

Found in Cytoplasm
Not Complicated with proteins
Double helix and its ends joined together
Don’t have 5’end and 3’end
No free phosphate groups or free hydroxyl groups

62
Q

DNA in Prokaryotes-

A

Length=1.4 mm
Carry genes essential for the life of the organism
Most of them are responsible for RNA and Protein synthesis

63
Q

Plasmid

A

Length is shorter than 1.4 mm
Carry genes not essential for the life of the organism
Widely used in Genetic Engineering

64
Q

كل ما ال Main DNA يتكاثر

A

ال Plasmid يتكاثر معاه

65
Q

Eukaryotic DNA
Prokaryotic DNA

A

Number of free Hydroxyl
groups in 1 molecule = 2 / 0
Number of free Phosphate
groups in 1molecule = 2 / 0
Made of double helices

66
Q

Circular DNA is mainly present in Prokaryotic cells
But the exceptions

A

Mitochondria of animal cells.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts of plant cells.
و دول عندهم circular بس مش plasmid

67
Q

Sperms contain 2 types of DNA:

A

Circular DNA»Mitochondria (in the Midpiece)
Linear DNA&raquo_space; Nucleus (in the head)

68
Q

The resulted 2 cells of Mio1 of 2n cell

A

23 chromosomes
46 chromatids
46 DNA Mols.

69
Q

The resulted 4 cells of Mio2 of the 2 n cells

A

23 chromosomes
23 chromatids
23 DNA mols

70
Q

DNA duplication

A

46 Chromosomes
92 chromatids
92 DNA mols

71
Q

What distinguishes the DNA in Eukaryotes from that in Prokaryotes

A

is that it is
found in the form of nucleosomes

72
Q

Crossing over

A

A-Primary Spermatocytes
B-Primary Oocytes
C-Cells that are found in the
sporangium of polypodium

73
Q

DNA 2m in

A

2 microns nucleus w/ Packing

74
Q

Structural Unit of Chromosome

A

Nucleosome

75
Q

Structural unit of DNA

A

Nucleotides

76
Q

Structural unit of Protein

A

Amino acids

77
Q

Proteins responsible for the functional performance of DNA molecule

A

Regulatory non-histone

78
Q

Proteins responsible for the spatial organization of DNA molecule

A

Structural non-histone

79
Q

Responsible for making DNA fit into the nucleus Used in DNA Packing

A

Structural Non-histones & Histones

80
Q

Budding in Hydra is replication process

A

So I need the unpacking to Nucleus divides mitotically in Hydra and also due to presence of nucleus
the Hydra is considered to be an Eukaryotic organism

81
Q

The different sequences of nucleotides is responsible for the variation of genetic information in DNA molecule.

A

Gene

82
Q

The presence of a capsule layer in S-strain bacteria helps the bacteria in susceptibility of the bacteria to immune cells.S- strain can overcome the third line of defense

A

evading the immune cell as it
can’t recognize it and increases its pathogenicity, while
the absence of it in the R strain increases the

83
Q

Bacterial transformation leads to the transformation of non-virulent (R strain) to
virulent (S strain) due to

A

transfer of genes responsible for formation of the capsule

84
Q

The gene of Capsule may be

A

On Plasmid or Main DNA

85
Q

B - lymphocytes recognize the antigen

A

In R not S

86
Q

لما يظهر عليه اعراض اول مرة

A

تاني مرة احطله R هيخلص عليها بسرعة عشان
Memory cells

87
Q

Avary

A

مات مبضون عشان قالوله ممكن ال DNA
متاص بروتين

88
Q

Protease

A

Break Proteins

89
Q

Lipase

A

Break Lipids

90
Q

Crucial experiment

A

الحاسمة عشان عرفنا ان الدي ان اي هو المادة الوراثية

91
Q

Experiments

A

Griffith’s
experiment → discovered bacterial
transformation . But didn’t explain how genetic
material transfer
Avery and his
colleagues → isolated DNA as the
bacterial
transforming material But the DNA was contaminated with some proteins
The crucial experiment → proved that DNA is the genetic material,

92
Q

Bacteriophages are a type of virus that has special traits:

A

·It infects bacterial cells only.
·It is highly specific to the type of bacterial
cells it infects.

93
Q

Harshey and Chase

A

Labelled coat→ S*
Labelled DNA → P*
·100% of the radioactive phosphorus entered and only less than 3%of the radioactive sulphur entered

94
Q

Radioactivity

A

·If we put the labelled phage in a medium “bacterial cell” containing radioactive phosphorus > bases in
bacterial cytoplasm will be radioactive > all the DNA of the 100 phages will contain radioactive phosphorus.
Labeling bacterial DNA only by P* has no effect on level of radioactivity 3ashan ana ba7od mn cytoplasm the free nucleotides

95
Q

لو فيه نومال ميديم

A

2 بس مشع و الباقي عادي

96
Q

لو فيه ميديم مشع

A

كل اللي هبنيه هيبقي مشع

97
Q

When a bacteriophage inserts its DNA
into the bacterial cell, the bacteria can
still survive?

A

اه لو عندها
restriction endonuclease enzyme

98
Q

New bacteriophages is formed after ..

A

after 28 minutes not 32 minutes
After 32 minutes → Cell of bacteria burst releasing the formed
phages

99
Q

After 64mins if you put one bacteriophage in medium of bacteria

A

10000

100
Q

The following changes are not Considered as Cell division So no DNA duplication occurs before them

A

The formation of zygospore from zygote in spirogyra algae
The formation of Primary spermatocyte from spermatogonia
The formation of primary oocyte from oogonia
The formation of sperms form spermatids
The formation of ookinete from the zygote of plasmodium malaria

101
Q

First the DNA must be unwounded so that ..

A

the enzymes can work.

102
Q

Part is unwounded and replicates then another part is unwounded and replicates, ..

A

as the nucleus is small so, not all the DNA can be unwounded at the same time.

103
Q

Helicase

A

Breaking the hydrogen bonds, creating the replication fork in
preparation for DNA replication.

104
Q

Helicase direction of action =

A

overall replication direction.

105
Q

·DNA Polymerase builds ONLY

A

from 5’ to 3’.
So for the template strand 3’ to 5’: Polymerase has no
problem → Leading strand
d.·But for the template strand 5’ to
3’: Polymerase builds small segments in the direction from 5’
to 3’ then DNA Ligase joins them→ Lagging strand.

106
Q

First produced fragment is:

A

1- The farthest from the hydrogen bonds between the two original strands
2- The nearest to the entrance of helicase enzyme.
3- Located outside.

107
Q

The order of the fragments in the lagging strand (from oldest to newest)

A

مايكل جاكسون

108
Q

During DNA replication:

A

1- The hydrogen bonds are formed first, between the nitrogenous base (on the template strand) and the complementary base (on
the new strand) “opposite”.
2 - The phosphodiester bond is formed

109
Q

Ligase

A

Joins the small Okazaki fragments or gaps between the sugar-phosphate
backbone of DNA strand (built form
template 5’to 3’) by forming a
phosphodiester bond (covalent).

110
Q

Despite the large number of regions from which replication begins in eukaryotes, replication in prokaryotes is
faster than in eukaryotes

A

because DNA in eukaryotes is condensed in a chromatin form, which needs to be
unpacked from the proteins part by part and this takes time, while in prokaryotes DNA is wrapped around itself.

111
Q

Replication in eukaryotes

A

In the nucleus
From any point along its
length (at the same time to
increase the speed)
Must be unpacked to at least
string of nucleosomes
Must be unpacked to at least
string of nucleosomes

112
Q

Replication in prokaryotes

A

In the cytoplasm (main DNA
&plasmid)
Begins at the point of DNA contact
with the plasma membrane
DNA does not wrap around
proteins and does not exist in
the form of chromatin, but
rather wraps around itself
Faster because the genetic content is
smaller and no need for unpacking

113
Q

Replication of
plasmid takes place
..

A

at the same time at
which the main DNA replication occurs.

114
Q

If this cell is placed in a medium contalning radioactive phosphorus → all produced DNA molecules will contain radioactive
strands

A

If this cell placed in medium containing normal phosphorus
→ only two DNA molecules will contain one radioactive strand each,
the other DNA molecules will contain normal strands

115
Q

Repair: by DNA ligase → 3Rs.

A

1) Recognize the damaged area of DNA.
2) Remove it.
3) Replace it with a new nucleotide that pairs with that is found on the opposite strand.

116
Q

Repair can only happen when

A

damage happens on one of the strands, but if it happens at the same place at the same time at the opposite two
strands, it
can’t be repaired.

117
Q

Damages / changes happen more in

A

RNA (as AIDS virus) than in DNA (as
strand that can be used to repair defects while RNA is single stranded.

118
Q

The weakest bond in DNA molecule is Hydrogen bond

A

بتسمح بال
unwinding and separating
the two strands during DNA replication process and Transcription process

119
Q

Sudden change in the nature of hereditary factors controlling certain traits
which leads to the change in these traits in the living organisms.

A

Mutation

120
Q

True mutation

A

The mutation must occur in the genetic material involved in the sexual process of reproduction so
that it can be transmitted to subsequent generations.

121
Q

Exceptions True mutation

A

1) Mutation in bacteria “as they consist of only one cell”
2) Organisms that reproduce asexually as it depends on parent cell
3) Vegatative propagation in plants
Another Example: R-strain when transformed into S-strain and then S-strain gives
other S-strain bacteria “Bacterial Transformation”

122
Q

Gamete mutation

A

All tissues of spring are affected

123
Q

Somatic mutation

A

Specific tissue is affected

124
Q

True Somatic

A

In Organisms prod asexually

125
Q

True Gamete

A

Prod. sexually w/ gametes

126
Q

False gamete mutation

A

Turner - Klinefelder
Organisms prod sex and asex like Hydra and sponges

127
Q

If the mitochondria of mom - father affected

A

father – affect only the sperm motion
Mom – affect the zygote

128
Q

If mutation in y sperm the prod son

A

only will transfer the mutations to his sons

129
Q

Change in nucleotides or codons

A

Gene mutation

130
Q

Change in genes - Chromosomes

A

Chromosomal Mutation

131
Q

Gene Mutation

A

Change in gene structure mainly in .nucleotides arrangement : Substitution
·Insertion ·Deletion

132
Q

Chromosome Mutation

A

1) Change In chromosome number: Inc. or dec.
Gain or loss of
chromosomes (Aneuploldy)
Turner’s (lacking a sex chromosome)
Klinefelter synd.
Polyploidy
rotate 180
Transfer in non-hom chromosome

133
Q

Adding colchicine - Mustard gas - Nitrous acid

A

Leads to Production of higher amount of auxins due to enlargement of cells( polyploidal plant)
Higher Auxins reach ovary & Stimulates it to form seedless fruit

134
Q

Bigger size of fruit & No Seeds → Polyploidy.

A

Normal size of fruit & No Seeds → Parthenocarpy

Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions