Tinnitus models Flashcards
Functions of the Limbic system
- Serves the functions of emotion, long-term memory, and other aspects of behavior.
- the amygdala is important in a person’s emotional response to sounds.
Function of the autonomic Nervous System
- Controls Vital bodily functions such as homeostasis which is maintence of bodily stability
- Fight or flight
Define Tinnitus
Tinnitus is the perception of sound occuring in the ears and or the head when no external sound is present; phantom auditory perception.
Tinnitus is a symptom not a disease
Ture or False
Tinnitus is a disease
FALSE
Tinnitus is a symptom not a disease
What Tinnitus model is contributed to the development of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
McKenna, proposed a cognitive behavioral model of tinnitus.
What Tinnitus model is contributed to the Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT).
Jastreboff, a Neurophysiological Model & the foundation fro TRT
The McKenna Model Emphasizes what?
- This model emphasizes that tinnitus distress often stems more from an individual’s reactions and perceptions of the sound rather than the auditory signal itself.
- Tinnitus becomes problematic when it has an emotional significance through cognitive processes.
The McKenna Model serves as a foundation for what?
McKenna Serves as a Foundation for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) interventions targeted at tinnitus patients, aiming to break the cycle of distress through therapeutic techniques.
In what model does Negative interpretations of tinnitus increase physiological arousal and selective attention.
Cognitive behavioral models of tinnitus (CBT); McKenna
Name the Tinnitus Model
Is the foudation fo CBT
McKenna
Name the Tinnitus Model
Tinnitus distress often stems more from an individual’s reactions and perceptions of the sound rather than the auditory signal itself.
McKenna
Name the Tinnitus Model
Negative Interpretations = increaserd arousal and greater awareness = anxiety/low mood. (vicious cycle)
McKenna
Name the Tinnitus Model
This model emphasizes the impact of negative thoughts and cognitive distortions on tinnitus distress.
McKenna
Name the Tinnitus Model
Management: correcting negative thoughts/distorted perceptions/ inaccurate beliefs; reducing sympathetic nervous system activity/selective attention.
McKenna
Name the Tinnitus Model
Focuses on the interaction between auditory and non-auditory systems and is based on general neurophysiology and behavioral neuroscience.
Jastreboff
Name the Tinnitus Model
Hypothesis: many systems in the brain are involved in tinnitus, with the auditory system playing a secondary role.
Jastreboff
Name the Tinnitus Model
Tiger in the Room - tinnitus is problematic when negative emotions are formed with the tinnitus, focusing on it increases arousal, the limbic system is involved when emotions are involved.
Jastreboff
Name the Tinnitus Model
Tinnitus is not just sensory but also emotional and cognitive components.
Jastreboff
Name the Tinnitus Model
Key components of the model: - Limbic system, Sympathetic autonomic nervous system, reticular formation
Jastreboff
Name the Tinnitus Model
Model is the basis for Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT)
Jastreboff
Name the Tinnitus Model
Name the Tinnitus Model
Bothersome Tinnitus = Failure to habitute
Hallam
Name the Tinnitus Model
Treatment: relaxation therapy, formal cognitive therapy
Hallam
Name the Tinnitus Model
Evidence for this model: Most people who have it don’t complain; distress decreases over time; no relationship of loudness and distress levels; most grow tolerant of their tinnitus
Hallam
Factors that prevent habituation
- Sudden onset
- High levels of arousal
- Intense/unpredictable
- Emotional significance
- Neural pathway damage
- Dishabituation- psychological changes can reactivate
Define Habituation
Habituation- brain treats the constant presence of tinnitus as non-threatening, leading to a gradual decrease in the awareness and stress.
What is the cycle of Cognitive Behavioral models of Tinnitus
- Negative interpretations of tinnitus increase physiological arousal and selective attention.
- leading to to greater awareness of tinnitus, causing anxiety and low mood.
- w/ increased attention= noticing the tinnitus more.
- This creates a cycle, reinforcing the negative interpretation.
- “Safety-seeking behaviors” like avoidance or suppression may provide short-term relief but prevent long-term adaptation.
- Selective attention can distort how tinnitus is perceived; explaining catastrophic descriptions of tinnitus.
Name the Tinnitus Model
Greater emphasis is placed on vigilance and orientation to tinnitus rather than simply a failure of habituation.
Mckenna
Name the model
Emphasizes the impact of negative thoughts and cognitive distortions on tinnitus distress
McKenna
Name the model
ocuses on the brain’s natural ability to tune out the tinnitus sound over time.
Habituation Model, Hallam
Name the model
Focuses on the interaction between auditory and non-auditory systems and is based on general neurophysiology and behavioral neuroscience.
Jastreboff
What is Jastreboff’s hypothesis?
Hypothesis: many systems in the brain are involved in tinnitus, with the auditory system playing a secondary role.
For Jastreboff’s model
Peripheral auditory processes might _______ __________ _________, but auditory dysfunction is __________________.
Peripheral auditory processes might initiate tinnitus-related activity, but auditory dysfunction is not a prerequisite for perceiving tinnitus.
Name the Key components for Jastreboff’s model
- Limbic system- emotions
- Sympathic Automaitc Nervous System - Fight or flight
- Reticular formation - attention & awareness
What are the assoaction cortices for Jestreboff’s
- Limbic system & prefrontal cortex are involved in tinnitus perception & it’s classification and assignment of certain emotional states
- There involvement suggests that tinnitus is not just a sensory experince but also has emotional & cogntive components
Name McKenna implications for mangement
- Correcting negative automatic thoughts
- Reducing sympathetic ANS activity
- reducing selective attention and monitoring for tinnitus related cues
- Correcting distorted perceptions of tinnitus intensity and its impact on functioning
- Correcting counterproductive safety behaviors
- Correcting inaccurate beliefs
The Neurophysiological Model of Tinnitus was developed by
Jastreboff
Jastreboff’s model focuses on the interaction ….
The model focuses on the interaction between auditory and non-auditory systems and is based on general neurophysiology and behavioral neuroscience.
What is jastreboff’s hypothesis?
Many systems in the brain are involved in tinnitus, with the auditory system playing a secondary role
explains why some individuals who have HL do not experience tinnitus
_________ might initiate tinnitus-related activity, but ________ is not a prerequisite for perceiving tinnitus.
Peripheral auditory processes might initiate tinnitus-related activity, but auditory dysfunction is not a prerequisite for perceiving tinnitus.
Name the Key components in Jastreboff’s model
Limbic system - emotions
Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System - fight or flight
Reticular Formation - attention and awareness
In Jastreboff’s method where does tinnitus occur?
- Tinntus should not be categroized into peripheal and central
- Abnormal activity can be happening at any level
Association cotices and what they suggest for jestreboff’s
- Limbic system and prefrontal cortex are invilved in tinnitus perception, classification and assignment of certain emotional states
- Their involvement in tinnitus perception suggests that tinnitus is not just a sensory experience but also has emotional and cognitive components.
Jastreboff’s model suggests that what?
Jastreboff’s model suggests that tinnitus becomes problematic when negative associations are formed with the tinnitus perception.
In jastreboff’s Focusing on tinnitus
increases arousal (stress, anxiety); this makes it harder to ignore the tinnitus.
Jastreboff’s model is the basis for what?
Tinnitus retaining therapy TRT
Hallam and colleagues proposed
that tinnitus might occur without auditory dysfunction, potentially triggered by psychological factors.
Can happen with or without hearing loss.
Hallam
Tinnitus is influenced by
Tinnitus is influenced by the CNS’s ability to selectively inhibit unnecessary sensory input.
Hallam
Distruptions in the CNS’s ability to selectively inhibit…
particularly during high arousal states, can make tinnitus more prominent.
Any impairment in the nervous system will lead to tinnitus perception.
Hallam’s theory
Over time, many individuals with tinnitus experience habituation, a learning process where the brain treats the constant presence of tinnitus as a non-threatening stimulus, leading to a gradual decrease in both the awareness and distress caused by the noise.
Define Habituation
a decrease in response to a benign stimulus when that stimulus is presented repeatedly’
Bothersome tinnitus is failure to what
Habituate
* bothersome tinnitus is the failure to habituate.
* Normal circumstances, we do habituate.
Evidence for Hallam’s Habituation Model of Tinnitus
- Majority of people who have tinnitus don’t complain
- Distress from tinnitus tends to decrease over time.
- No relationship between tinnitus loudness and distress levels, highlighting significant individual psychological adaptation
- Grow more tolerant of tinnitus even if it dosen’t go away
Name the factors that can prevent habituation
(just the main titles)
- High levels of arousal
- Sudden onset of tinnitus
- Intense or unpredicatble tinnitus
- Emotional Significance
- Neural pathway damage
- Dishabituation
How does high level of arousal prevent habituation
Stress or anxiety can increase the awareness of tinnitus, making it more difficult to ignore.
How does sudden onset of tinnitus prevent habituation
The abruptness can make it more difficult for the brain to adapt.
How does intense or unpredicatble tinnitus prevent habituation
Loud or varying tinnitus sounds are harder to adapt to and can prevent habituation.
How does emotional significance prevent habituation
If tinnitus is associated with strong negative emotions, it can become more difficult to habituate.
How does neural pathway damage prevent habituation
Damage to the neural pathways involved in habituation can interfere with the normal habituation process.
In order to habituate you have to have a normal structure.
How does dishabituation prevent habituation
Psychological changes or shifts in a person’s mental state can lead to a re-awareness of the tinnitus sound that was previously habituated, disrupting the habituation process.
had tinnitus - habituated - psychological changes- reintroduced tinnitus
Hallam Treatment stategies are focused on what?
Treatment strategies focused on maintaining low arousal to facilitate habituation
Name the treatment strategies for hallam
* Relaxation therapy: to lower autonomic arousal and interrupt the feedback loop.
* Formal cognitive therapy: Alters emotional responses to tinnitus, reducing perceived distress and aiding habituation.
