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Tinnitus models Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Limbic system

A
  • Serves the functions of emotion, long-term memory, and other aspects of behavior.
  • the amygdala is important in a person’s emotional response to sounds.
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2
Q

Function of the autonomic Nervous System

A
  • Controls Vital bodily functions such as homeostasis which is maintence of bodily stability
  • Fight or flight
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3
Q

Define Tinnitus

A

Tinnitus is the perception of sound occuring in the ears and or the head when no external sound is present; phantom auditory perception.

Tinnitus is a symptom not a disease

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4
Q

Ture or False

Tinnitus is a disease

A

FALSE
Tinnitus is a symptom not a disease

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5
Q

What Tinnitus model is contributed to the development of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A

McKenna, proposed a cognitive behavioral model of tinnitus.

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6
Q

What Tinnitus model is contributed to the Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT).

A

Jastreboff, a Neurophysiological Model & the foundation fro TRT

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7
Q

The McKenna Model Emphasizes what?

A
  • This model emphasizes that tinnitus distress often stems more from an individual’s reactions and perceptions of the sound rather than the auditory signal itself.
  • Tinnitus becomes problematic when it has an emotional significance through cognitive processes.
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8
Q

The McKenna Model serves as a foundation for what?

A

McKenna Serves as a Foundation for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) interventions targeted at tinnitus patients, aiming to break the cycle of distress through therapeutic techniques.

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9
Q

In what model does Negative interpretations of tinnitus increase physiological arousal and selective attention.

A

Cognitive behavioral models of tinnitus (CBT); McKenna

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10
Q

Name the Tinnitus Model

Is the foudation fo CBT

A

McKenna

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11
Q

Name the Tinnitus Model

Tinnitus distress often stems more from an individual’s reactions and perceptions of the sound rather than the auditory signal itself.

A

McKenna

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12
Q

Name the Tinnitus Model

Negative Interpretations = increaserd arousal and greater awareness = anxiety/low mood. (vicious cycle)

A

McKenna

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13
Q

Name the Tinnitus Model

This model emphasizes the impact of negative thoughts and cognitive distortions on tinnitus distress.

A

McKenna

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14
Q

Name the Tinnitus Model

Management: correcting negative thoughts/distorted perceptions/ inaccurate beliefs; reducing sympathetic nervous system activity/selective attention.

A

McKenna

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15
Q

Name the Tinnitus Model

Focuses on the interaction between auditory and non-auditory systems and is based on general neurophysiology and behavioral neuroscience.

A

Jastreboff

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16
Q

Name the Tinnitus Model

Hypothesis: many systems in the brain are involved in tinnitus, with the auditory system playing a secondary role.

A

Jastreboff

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17
Q

Name the Tinnitus Model

Tiger in the Room - tinnitus is problematic when negative emotions are formed with the tinnitus, focusing on it increases arousal, the limbic system is involved when emotions are involved.

A

Jastreboff

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18
Q

Name the Tinnitus Model

Tinnitus is not just sensory but also emotional and cognitive components.

A

Jastreboff

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19
Q

Name the Tinnitus Model

Key components of the model: - Limbic system, Sympathetic autonomic nervous system, reticular formation

A

Jastreboff

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20
Q

Name the Tinnitus Model

Model is the basis for Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT)

A

Jastreboff

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21
Q

Name the Tinnitus Model

A
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22
Q

Name the Tinnitus Model

Bothersome Tinnitus = Failure to habitute

A

Hallam

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23
Q

Name the Tinnitus Model

Treatment: relaxation therapy, formal cognitive therapy

A

Hallam

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24
Q

Name the Tinnitus Model

Evidence for this model: Most people who have it don’t complain; distress decreases over time; no relationship of loudness and distress levels; most grow tolerant of their tinnitus

A

Hallam

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25
Q

Factors that prevent habituation

A
  • Sudden onset
  • High levels of arousal
  • Intense/unpredictable
  • Emotional significance
  • Neural pathway damage
  • Dishabituation- psychological changes can reactivate
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26
Q

Define Habituation

A

Habituation- brain treats the constant presence of tinnitus as non-threatening, leading to a gradual decrease in the awareness and stress.

27
Q

What is the cycle of Cognitive Behavioral models of Tinnitus

A
  • Negative interpretations of tinnitus increase physiological arousal and selective attention.
  • leading to to greater awareness of tinnitus, causing anxiety and low mood.
  • w/ increased attention= noticing the tinnitus more.
  • This creates a cycle, reinforcing the negative interpretation.
  • “Safety-seeking behaviors” like avoidance or suppression may provide short-term relief but prevent long-term adaptation.
  • Selective attention can distort how tinnitus is perceived; explaining catastrophic descriptions of tinnitus.
28
Q

Name the Tinnitus Model

Greater emphasis is placed on vigilance and orientation to tinnitus rather than simply a failure of habituation.

A

Mckenna

29
Q

Name the model

Emphasizes the impact of negative thoughts and cognitive distortions on tinnitus distress

A

McKenna

30
Q

Name the model

ocuses on the brain’s natural ability to tune out the tinnitus sound over time.

A

Habituation Model, Hallam

31
Q

Name the model

Focuses on the interaction between auditory and non-auditory systems and is based on general neurophysiology and behavioral neuroscience.

A

Jastreboff

31
Q
A
32
Q

What is Jastreboff’s hypothesis?

A

Hypothesis: many systems in the brain are involved in tinnitus, with the auditory system playing a secondary role.

33
Q

For Jastreboff’s model

Peripheral auditory processes might _______ __________ _________, but auditory dysfunction is __________________.

A

Peripheral auditory processes might initiate tinnitus-related activity, but auditory dysfunction is not a prerequisite for perceiving tinnitus.

34
Q

Name the Key components for Jastreboff’s model

A
  • Limbic system- emotions
  • Sympathic Automaitc Nervous System - Fight or flight
  • Reticular formation - attention & awareness
35
Q

What are the assoaction cortices for Jestreboff’s

A
  • Limbic system & prefrontal cortex are involved in tinnitus perception & it’s classification and assignment of certain emotional states
  • There involvement suggests that tinnitus is not just a sensory experince but also has emotional & cogntive components
36
Q

Name McKenna implications for mangement

A
  • Correcting negative automatic thoughts
  • Reducing sympathetic ANS activity
  • reducing selective attention and monitoring for tinnitus related cues
  • Correcting distorted perceptions of tinnitus intensity and its impact on functioning
  • Correcting counterproductive safety behaviors
  • Correcting inaccurate beliefs
37
Q

The Neurophysiological Model of Tinnitus was developed by

A

Jastreboff

38
Q

Jastreboff’s model focuses on the interaction ….

A

The model focuses on the interaction between auditory and non-auditory systems and is based on general neurophysiology and behavioral neuroscience.

39
Q

What is jastreboff’s hypothesis?

A

Many systems in the brain are involved in tinnitus, with the auditory system playing a secondary role

explains why some individuals who have HL do not experience tinnitus

40
Q

_________ might initiate tinnitus-related activity, but ________ is not a prerequisite for perceiving tinnitus.

A

Peripheral auditory processes might initiate tinnitus-related activity, but auditory dysfunction is not a prerequisite for perceiving tinnitus.

41
Q

Name the Key components in Jastreboff’s model

A

Limbic system - emotions
Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System - fight or flight
Reticular Formation - attention and awareness

42
Q

In Jastreboff’s method where does tinnitus occur?

A
  • Tinntus should not be categroized into peripheal and central
  • Abnormal activity can be happening at any level
43
Q

Association cotices and what they suggest for jestreboff’s

A
  • Limbic system and prefrontal cortex are invilved in tinnitus perception, classification and assignment of certain emotional states
  • Their involvement in tinnitus perception suggests that tinnitus is not just a sensory experience but also has emotional and cognitive components.
44
Q

Jastreboff’s model suggests that what?

A

Jastreboff’s model suggests that tinnitus becomes problematic when negative associations are formed with the tinnitus perception.

45
Q

In jastreboff’s Focusing on tinnitus

A

increases arousal (stress, anxiety); this makes it harder to ignore the tinnitus.

46
Q

Jastreboff’s model is the basis for what?

A

Tinnitus retaining therapy TRT

47
Q

Hallam and colleagues proposed

A

that tinnitus might occur without auditory dysfunction, potentially triggered by psychological factors.

Can happen with or without hearing loss.

48
Q

Hallam

Tinnitus is influenced by

A

Tinnitus is influenced by the CNS’s ability to selectively inhibit unnecessary sensory input.

49
Q

Hallam

Distruptions in the CNS’s ability to selectively inhibit…

A

particularly during high arousal states, can make tinnitus more prominent.

Any impairment in the nervous system will lead to tinnitus perception.

50
Q

Hallam’s theory

A

Over time, many individuals with tinnitus experience habituation, a learning process where the brain treats the constant presence of tinnitus as a non-threatening stimulus, leading to a gradual decrease in both the awareness and distress caused by the noise.

51
Q

Define Habituation

A

a decrease in response to a benign stimulus when that stimulus is presented repeatedly’

52
Q

Bothersome tinnitus is failure to what

A

Habituate
* bothersome tinnitus is the failure to habituate.
* Normal circumstances, we do habituate.

53
Q

Evidence for Hallam’s Habituation Model of Tinnitus

A
  • Majority of people who have tinnitus don’t complain
  • Distress from tinnitus tends to decrease over time.
  • No relationship between tinnitus loudness and distress levels, highlighting significant individual psychological adaptation
  • Grow more tolerant of tinnitus even if it dosen’t go away
54
Q

Name the factors that can prevent habituation

(just the main titles)

A
  • High levels of arousal
  • Sudden onset of tinnitus
  • Intense or unpredicatble tinnitus
  • Emotional Significance
  • Neural pathway damage
  • Dishabituation
55
Q

How does high level of arousal prevent habituation

A

Stress or anxiety can increase the awareness of tinnitus, making it more difficult to ignore.

56
Q

How does sudden onset of tinnitus prevent habituation

A

The abruptness can make it more difficult for the brain to adapt.

57
Q

How does intense or unpredicatble tinnitus prevent habituation

A

Loud or varying tinnitus sounds are harder to adapt to and can prevent habituation.

58
Q

How does emotional significance prevent habituation

A

If tinnitus is associated with strong negative emotions, it can become more difficult to habituate.

59
Q

How does neural pathway damage prevent habituation

A

Damage to the neural pathways involved in habituation can interfere with the normal habituation process.

In order to habituate you have to have a normal structure.

60
Q

How does dishabituation prevent habituation

A

Psychological changes or shifts in a person’s mental state can lead to a re-awareness of the tinnitus sound that was previously habituated, disrupting the habituation process.

had tinnitus - habituated - psychological changes- reintroduced tinnitus

61
Q

Hallam Treatment stategies are focused on what?

A

Treatment strategies focused on maintaining low arousal to facilitate habituation

62
Q

Name the treatment strategies for hallam

A

* Relaxation therapy: to lower autonomic arousal and interrupt the feedback loop.
* Formal cognitive therapy: Alters emotional responses to tinnitus, reducing perceived distress and aiding habituation.

63
Q
A

Tinnitus (7 decks)

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