Neurophysiological & Psychological/cognitive models Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three main proposed mechanisms for how tinnitus is coded in the auditory cortex
A
- Increased spontaneous activity fed by increase or decrease in activity
- Cross-fiber correlation with normal or increased spontaneouas activity
- More fibers with similar best frequency following hearing loss - induced auditory plasticity
2
Q
there is a consensus that tinnitus results from
A
the perception of abnormal activity
3
Q
Name the Neurophysiological models
A
- Maladaptive plasticity
- The role of hearing loss in tinnitus perception
- Central gain
- Jasterboff’s model
- Limitations of neurophysiological models
4
Q
- Tinnitus is thought to result from ____ in the central nervous system in response to hearing loss or other unknown causes.
- In response to certain causes, often unknown, mechanisms that keep the nervous system in balance (i.e., homeostasis) lead to changes that result in the perception of tinnitus.
- Neurophysiological models have logically nominated the increase in spontaneous activity as a mechanism of tinnitus.
A
Maladaptive Plasticty
when you try and fix something, but you end up making it worse
5
Q
- Hearing loss lead to a decrease in input to the auditory system
- brain attempts to maintain homeostasis by compensating for reduced auditory input
- This compensation involves increasing neurall gain and sensitivity in the auditory system
- The increase gain leads to higher spontaneous neural activity, even without acoustic stimulation
- incraesed spontaneous activity proposed as a key mechanism for to tinnitus perception
- The changes in neural activity are likely transmitted to and represenetd in the auditory cortex.
A
The role of hearing loss in tinnitus perception
6
Q
- refers to a compensatory increase in the central auditory activity in response to the loss of sensory input
- Started because of our auditory deprivation
- Neuron becomes more excitable
A
Central gain
7
Q
focuses on the interaction between auditory and non-auditory systems and is based on general neurophysiology and behavioral neuroscience.
A
Jastreboff’s Model - Neurophysiological model
8
Q
- The experimental evidence supports the theory that there are multiple possible mechanisms for tinnitus generation, occurring at all levels of the auditory pathways.
- The model can explain how hearing loss could lead to tinnitus, but it does not explain why not everyone with hearing loss gets tinnitus.
- It cannot explain observations of patients in whom alleviation occurred after cutting the auditory nerve.
- Much remains to be uncovered.
A
Limitations of neurophysiological models
9
Q
Maladaptive Plasticity
A
- Tinnitus is thought to result from maladaptive plasticity in the central nervous system in response to hearing loss or other unknown causes.
- In response to certain causes, often unknown, mechanisms that keep the nervous system in balance (i.e., homeostasis) lead to changes that result in the perception of tinnitus.
- Neurophysiological models have logically nominated the increase in spontaneous activity as a mechanism of tinnitus.
10
Q
The role of hearing loss
A
- Hearing loss lead to a decrease in input to the auditory system
- brain attempts to maintain homeostasis by compensating for reduced auditory input
- This compensation involves increasing neurall gain and sensitivity in the auditory system
- The increase gain leads to higher spontaneous neural activity, even without acoustic stimulation
- incraesed spontaneous activity proposed as a key mechanism for to tinnitus perception
- The changes in neural activity are likely transmitted to and represenetd in the auditory cortex.
11
Q
Central gain
A
- refers to a compensatory increase in the central auditory activity in response to the loss of sensory input
- Started because of our auditory deprivation
- Neuron becomes more excitable
12
Q
Limitations of neurophysiological models
A
- The experimental evidence supports the theory that there are multiple possible mechanisms for tinnitus generation, occurring at all levels of the auditory pathways.
- The model can explain how hearing loss could lead to tinnitus, but it does not explain why not everyone with hearing loss gets tinnitus.
- It cannot explain observations of patients in whom alleviation occurred after cutting the auditory nerve.
- Much remains to be uncovered.
13
Q
Psychological/cognitive models
A
- The impact of tinnitus
- The vicious cycle of tinnitus
- Hallam’s habituation model, including core principles, supporting evidence, factors that prevent habituation, as well as suggestions for treatment strategies.
- McKenna cognitive behavioral model of tinnitus, including core principles and mechanisms (slides 41-43).
- Differences between tinnitus perception and tinnitus reaction
14
Q
The impact of tinnitus
A
- Chronic tinnitus may severely disrupt quality of life in a subset of individuals.
- The characteristics of tinnitus do not directly influence its psychological impact on patients.
Symptoms Associated with Tinnitus - Insomnia
- Loss of Concentration
- Low mood/irritability
- Anxiety and Depression
15
Q
The vicious cycle of tinnitus
A
- Tinnitus can trigger anxiety, which reinforces tinnitus perception, creating a feedback loop, leading to increased arousal and emotional distress
- Stress and emotional states may contribute to tinnitus development and severity
- Insomnia can worsen the functional and emotional toll of tinnitus symptoms
You fuel the cycle with your emotions.
