Neurophysiological & Psychological/cognitive models Flashcards
What are the three main proposed mechanisms for how tinnitus is coded in the auditory cortex
- Increased spontaneous activity fed by increase or decrease in activity
- Cross-fiber correlation with normal or increased spontaneouas activity
- More fibers with similar best frequency following hearing loss - induced auditory plasticity
there is a consensus that tinnitus results from
the perception of abnormal activity
Name the Neurophysiological models
- Maladaptive plasticity
- The role of hearing loss in tinnitus perception
- Central gain
- Jasterboff’s model
- Limitations of neurophysiological models
- Tinnitus is thought to result from ____ in the central nervous system in response to hearing loss or other unknown causes.
- In response to certain causes, often unknown, mechanisms that keep the nervous system in balance (i.e., homeostasis) lead to changes that result in the perception of tinnitus.
- Neurophysiological models have logically nominated the increase in spontaneous activity as a mechanism of tinnitus.
Maladaptive Plasticty
when you try and fix something, but you end up making it worse
- Hearing loss lead to a decrease in input to the auditory system
- brain attempts to maintain homeostasis by compensating for reduced auditory input
- This compensation involves increasing neurall gain and sensitivity in the auditory system
- The increase gain leads to higher spontaneous neural activity, even without acoustic stimulation
- incraesed spontaneous activity proposed as a key mechanism for to tinnitus perception
- The changes in neural activity are likely transmitted to and represenetd in the auditory cortex.
The role of hearing loss in tinnitus perception
- refers to a compensatory increase in the central auditory activity in response to the loss of sensory input
- Started because of our auditory deprivation
- Neuron becomes more excitable
Central gain
focuses on the interaction between auditory and non-auditory systems and is based on general neurophysiology and behavioral neuroscience.
Jastreboff’s Model - Neurophysiological model
- The experimental evidence supports the theory that there are multiple possible mechanisms for tinnitus generation, occurring at all levels of the auditory pathways.
- The model can explain how hearing loss could lead to tinnitus, but it does not explain why not everyone with hearing loss gets tinnitus.
- It cannot explain observations of patients in whom alleviation occurred after cutting the auditory nerve.
- Much remains to be uncovered.
Limitations of neurophysiological models
Maladaptive Plasticity
- Tinnitus is thought to result from maladaptive plasticity in the central nervous system in response to hearing loss or other unknown causes.
- In response to certain causes, often unknown, mechanisms that keep the nervous system in balance (i.e., homeostasis) lead to changes that result in the perception of tinnitus.
- Neurophysiological models have logically nominated the increase in spontaneous activity as a mechanism of tinnitus.
The role of hearing loss
- Hearing loss lead to a decrease in input to the auditory system
- brain attempts to maintain homeostasis by compensating for reduced auditory input
- This compensation involves increasing neurall gain and sensitivity in the auditory system
- The increase gain leads to higher spontaneous neural activity, even without acoustic stimulation
- incraesed spontaneous activity proposed as a key mechanism for to tinnitus perception
- The changes in neural activity are likely transmitted to and represenetd in the auditory cortex.
Central gain
- refers to a compensatory increase in the central auditory activity in response to the loss of sensory input
- Started because of our auditory deprivation
- Neuron becomes more excitable
Limitations of neurophysiological models
- The experimental evidence supports the theory that there are multiple possible mechanisms for tinnitus generation, occurring at all levels of the auditory pathways.
- The model can explain how hearing loss could lead to tinnitus, but it does not explain why not everyone with hearing loss gets tinnitus.
- It cannot explain observations of patients in whom alleviation occurred after cutting the auditory nerve.
- Much remains to be uncovered.
Psychological/cognitive models
- The impact of tinnitus
- The vicious cycle of tinnitus
- Hallam’s habituation model, including core principles, supporting evidence, factors that prevent habituation, as well as suggestions for treatment strategies.
- McKenna cognitive behavioral model of tinnitus, including core principles and mechanisms (slides 41-43).
- Differences between tinnitus perception and tinnitus reaction
The impact of tinnitus
- Chronic tinnitus may severely disrupt quality of life in a subset of individuals.
- The characteristics of tinnitus do not directly influence its psychological impact on patients.
Symptoms Associated with Tinnitus - Insomnia
- Loss of Concentration
- Low mood/irritability
- Anxiety and Depression
The vicious cycle of tinnitus
- Tinnitus can trigger anxiety, which reinforces tinnitus perception, creating a feedback loop, leading to increased arousal and emotional distress
- Stress and emotional states may contribute to tinnitus development and severity
- Insomnia can worsen the functional and emotional toll of tinnitus symptoms
You fuel the cycle with your emotions.
Differences between tinnitus perception and tinnitus reaction
Tinnitus perception: the characteristics of the tinnitus sound itself.
* Characteristics: loudness, quality, where we perceive it, inside or outside, one or both sides.
Tinnitus Reactions: refers to the impact of tinnitus on an individual’s life.
* A distinction can be made between the tinnitus and the reaction to the tinnitus. This has become known as the psychological model of tinnitus.
the characteristics of the tinnitus sound itself.
Tinnitus Perception
Tinnitus Perception
the characteristics of the tinnitus sound itself.
Refers to the impact of tinnitus on an individual’s life.
Tinnitus Reactions
Tinnitus Reactions
Refers to the impact of tinnitus on an individuals life
A distinction can be made between the tinnitus and the reaction to the tinnitus. This has become known as the _________________
psychological model of tinnitus
