Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BO > tinective tissue > Flashcards

tinective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What does connective tissue entail.

A
  • : fibers, ground substance and cells.
  • ECM includes protein fibers and specialised molecules such as proteoglycan, glycoprotein
    (macromolecules makes up ground substance of ECM)
  • • resident cells synthesise ECM (E.g fibroblast). Migratory cells (e.g. mast cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does ground substance do

A

Gives resistance to compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is connective tissue bound by

A

bounded by basal laminae of various epithelia and basal/external laminae of muscle cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the functions of fibres of connective tissue

A

Provide tensile strength, support and anchorage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is ECM

A

Structural network surrounding and supporting cells of connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4 types of connective tissue

A
  • Loose connective tissue (areolar tissue):
  • Dense connective tissue (dense regular or dense irregular connective tissue)
  • Elastic tissue
  • Adipose tissue (white or brown)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Characteristics of loose connective tissue

A

• Delicate, flexible, well vascularised, not resistant to stress
• Abundance of ground substance
• Cells: Consists of numerous fibroblasts and macrophages
• Fibres: collagen, elastic and reticular fibres
Has irregular/loose structure of collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is loose connective tissue found

A
  • Lies beneath epithelia that cover body surface and line internal surfaces of body
  • Fills space between: muscle cells, found in hypodermis of skin (found deeper than dense tissue, allow skin to move over underlying muscle), supports epithelial tissue, sheaths lymphatic+blood vessels,
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Whats more common, loose or dense connective tissue

A

Loose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe dense connective tissue structurally

A
  • less ground substance
  • more limited number of cell types
  • densely packed with collagen fibres
  • less flexible, resistant to stress because of high proportion of collagen fibres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do you differentiate between irregular and regular dense connective tissue

A

Based on arrangement of collagen fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe dense irregular connective tissue

A
  • collagen fibres densely packed in bundles with no predominant orientation.
  • Fibroblasts arranged in rows between collagen fibre bundles
  • 3D network forms resistance to stress in all directions,
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found

A

dermis in skin, anchoring epithelium, capsules of organ where strong support required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe dense regular connective tissue

A
  • Collagen fibres aligned (parallel bundles) with linear orientations of fibroblasts arranged in rows between bundles
  • Provides great tensile strength/resistance against forces pulling in a straight line
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is dense regular connective tissue found

A

• E.g. tendon, ligaments, aponeuroses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe structural property of tendon

A

Consist of parallel bundles of collagen fibres, help resist tensile strength.
- Proteoglycans allow them to resist compressive stress. (molecules can absorb lots of water and swell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe structural property of fascia

A

collagen fibers oriented in a wavy pattern parallel to the direction of pull. Fascia is consequently flexible and able to resist great unidirectional tension forces until the wavy pattern of fibers has been straightened out by the pulling force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe structural property of ligament

A

Consist of parallel bundles of collagen fibres, help resist tensile strength. - Fibres less regularly arranged than those in tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe structural property of apopneuroses

A

Consist of parallel bundles of collagen fibres, help resist tensile strength.
bundles of collagen fibres in one layer arranged at right angle to those in neighbouring layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Similarity between tendon and apopneuroses

A

Apopneuroses resemble tendon, they are fibrous tissue attaching sheet like muscle with wide area of attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How are tendon and apopneuroses functionally similar

A

 Like tendons, aponeuroses can be stretched by the forces of muscular contraction, absorbing energy like a spring and returning it when they recoil to unloaded conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What cells produce collagen fibres

A

Fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is fascia

A

• a band of connective tissue, primarily collagen, beneath the skin that and separates muscles and other internal organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What sort of connective tissue are tendons, ligaments and apopneuroses

A

Dense regular connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does H & E stain show

A

Nucleus: blue
Cytoplasm: red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Different types of connective tissue fibres in connective tissue

A

1) Collagen
2) elastic fibres
3) reticular fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe collagen fibres

A
  • Thick, strong unbranched

Most common forms (type 1 and 2) form fibrils with great tensile strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Structure of collagen fibres

A
  • Fibrils formed from tropocollagen molecules (which consist of 3 peptide chains intertwined in right hand helix) assembled end to end and staggered. - Fibrils assemble to form collagen fibre.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where are collagen fibres most abundant

A

Tendons, ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe elastic fibres

A
  • small, thin, branching
  • . Lower tensile strength compared to collagen.
    l.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe how elastic fibres can change

A
  • In a relaxed state, random coiled structure but can stretch/recoil
32
Q

Where is elastic tissue most abundant, why

A
  • lungs, bladder, skin, aorta

- allow stretching without distorting/breaking tissue.

33
Q

What are reticular fibres

A
  • composed of type 3 collagen

- are thin fibres

34
Q

Where are reticular fibres found

A

haematopoietic organs (spleen, liver and lymph nodes)

35
Q

3 collagen disorders

A

1) Osteogenesis imperfecta
2) Marfan’s syndrome
3) Ehlers Danlos

36
Q

What causes osteogenesis imperfecta

A

1) Caused by: decrease in type 1 collagen, short alpha 1 chains, these associate with alpha 2 chains but cannot form stable triple helix
substitution of gly residue (replaced with arg or cys) blocks formation of stable helix

37
Q

What are symptoms of Marfan’s syndrome

A
  • loss of integrity of elastic fibres,

- aorta tends to rupture - abnormally long and slender limbs, fingers, and toes

38
Q

What are symptoms of Osteogenesis imperfecta

A
  • brittle bones,- repeated fractures,
  • bone deformities in children
  • blue sclerae
39
Q

What causes Marfan’s syndrome

A
  • reduced fibrillin/fibrillin (a glycoprotein) mutation

- OR extra amino acids near C terminus of alpha 2 chain results in cross linking as residues no longer line up

40
Q

What is the effect of collagen disorders

A

Structural weakness in connective tissue

41
Q

What happens in Ehlers Danlos

A

Fewer hydroxylsine residues so deficient cross linking OR failure to process precursor precollagen into tropocollagen

42
Q

Symptoms of Ehlers Danlos

A

Hyperextensible skin and recurrent joint dislocation

43
Q

Function of GAGS

A

– long unbranched polysaccharide chains which are anionic, hydrophilic attracting water so swelling, turgor, resist compression e.g. in joints

44
Q

How can GAGs form proteoglycans

A

be covalently linked to proteins forming proteoglycans

45
Q

What forms cartilage

A

Combination of proteoglycans and collagen

46
Q

What are the different cells in connective tissue

A

Fibroblast, adipose cells, macrophages, mast cells

47
Q

What do fibroblasts do

A
  • synthesise ECM and mOst abundant cell type found in connective tissue
  • specialised for production+secretion of proteins (e.g. lay down collagen fibres in particular direction, elastin) and other macromolecules for synthesis of ECM (e.g. GAG, growth factor, glycoproteins, proteoglycans)
48
Q

What do adipose cells do in connective tissue

A
  • store triglycerides, -provide cushioning -thermal insulation
49
Q

Structure of adipose cells

A

nuclei normally at periphery of cell with small band of cytoplasm around edge of cell.

50
Q

Why do adipose cells seeme empty

A

fat dissolved during staining slides,

51
Q

What do macrophages do

A

. Marcophages carry out phagocytosis and degrade ECM, they initiate and down regulate inflammatory response recruiting leukocytes to kill pathogens.

52
Q

What happens in immune defence in connective tissue

A

Macrophages and plasma cells migrate into connective tissue, secrete antibodies.

53
Q

Describe mast cells structurally, location etc

A

Often associated with blood vessels, are dark staining because they contain lots of secretory granules filled with bioactive molecules e.g. histamine.

54
Q

Role of mast cells in connective tissue

A

Mast cells phagocytose bacteria, stimulating them to release granules causing vasodilation, increasing capillary permeability – so more fluid into tissue and swelling (also more molecules like neutrophils can pass through capillary to connective tissue to clear out pathogen)

55
Q

Different types of adipose tissue

A

White and brown

56
Q

Structural differences between white and brown

A

White: single large droplet of triglyceride fat , little cytoplasm
Brown: : more cytoplasm, many mitochondria, multiple small fat droplets

57
Q

What happens to fat droplets in white adipose tissue

A

(fat cells form as lipid droplets accumulate, fuse and enlarge)

58
Q

How is brown tissue innervated

A

Autonomic innervation sympathetic neurones

59
Q

fUNCTION of white tissue

A

energy storage, insulation and padding

60
Q

Function of brown tissue

A

heat generation

61
Q

Function of cartilage/where is it found

A

• Covers and protects articulating surfaces of bone and forms part of septum of nose, external ear and embryological skeleton

62
Q

Property of cartilage

A

bear mechanical stress without permanent distortion and is efficient shock absorber,

63
Q

How is cartilage made

A

• Made of ECM which is produced + maintained by chondrocytes and chondroblasts. - Chondroblasts are mesenchymal progenitor cells synthesising ECM of cartilage. - Throughout cartilage matrix are lacunae (spaces), when chondroblasts become surrounded by cartilage in lacunae they are called chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells), these maintain cartilage.

64
Q

Which cells maintain cartilage

A

Chondrocytes

65
Q

Is cartilage vascular or avascular

A

Avascular

66
Q

Describe blood supply for cartilage

A

• Cartilage is avascular tissue surrounded by vascular connective tissue. Diffusion is the only means by which nutrients enter and waste products leave.

67
Q

3 different types of cartilage

A

Fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage

68
Q

Structure of fibrocartilage

A
  • irregular dense collagen fibre structure. - Formed of layers of thick type 1 collagen fibres and layers of collagen matrix
69
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found

A

pubic symphysis, at intraarticular discs in synovial joint, intervertebral discs, annulus fibrosus

70
Q

Function of hyaline cartilage

A

low friction articular surface in synovial joints allows friction free movement, slightly deformable.

71
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found in adults

A

it forms flexible skeleton of parts of nose, larynx, ribs, trachea, bronchi and covers articular surfaces of bone.

72
Q

Importance of hyaline cartilage in bone development

A

Forms basic structure of bone which then undergo endochondral ossification in embryo (template for formation of bony skeleton).

73
Q

Properties of hyaline cartilage

A
  • type 2 collagen fibres and large aggregating proteoglycan
    Proteoglycans attached to - GAGs which are charged/hydrophilic, takes up lots of water, results in hydrated cartilage matrix – good for shock absorption
74
Q

Property of elastic cartilage

A

contains more elastic fibres in its matrix (contains elastin), more flexible

75
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found

A

lines walls of auditory canal, forms part of ear, vocal cords, larynx and epiglottis

BO (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions