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tinective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What does connective tissue entail.

A
  • : fibers, ground substance and cells.
  • ECM includes protein fibers and specialised molecules such as proteoglycan, glycoprotein
    (macromolecules makes up ground substance of ECM)
  • • resident cells synthesise ECM (E.g fibroblast). Migratory cells (e.g. mast cells)
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2
Q

What does ground substance do

A

Gives resistance to compression

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3
Q

Where is connective tissue bound by

A

bounded by basal laminae of various epithelia and basal/external laminae of muscle cells.

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4
Q

What are the functions of fibres of connective tissue

A

Provide tensile strength, support and anchorage

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5
Q

What is ECM

A

Structural network surrounding and supporting cells of connective tissue.

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6
Q

4 types of connective tissue

A
  • Loose connective tissue (areolar tissue):
  • Dense connective tissue (dense regular or dense irregular connective tissue)
  • Elastic tissue
  • Adipose tissue (white or brown)
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7
Q

Characteristics of loose connective tissue

A

• Delicate, flexible, well vascularised, not resistant to stress
• Abundance of ground substance
• Cells: Consists of numerous fibroblasts and macrophages
• Fibres: collagen, elastic and reticular fibres
Has irregular/loose structure of collagen

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8
Q

Where is loose connective tissue found

A
  • Lies beneath epithelia that cover body surface and line internal surfaces of body
  • Fills space between: muscle cells, found in hypodermis of skin (found deeper than dense tissue, allow skin to move over underlying muscle), supports epithelial tissue, sheaths lymphatic+blood vessels,
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9
Q

Whats more common, loose or dense connective tissue

A

Loose

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10
Q

Describe dense connective tissue structurally

A
  • less ground substance
  • more limited number of cell types
  • densely packed with collagen fibres
  • less flexible, resistant to stress because of high proportion of collagen fibres
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11
Q

How do you differentiate between irregular and regular dense connective tissue

A

Based on arrangement of collagen fibres

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12
Q

Describe dense irregular connective tissue

A
  • collagen fibres densely packed in bundles with no predominant orientation.
  • Fibroblasts arranged in rows between collagen fibre bundles
  • 3D network forms resistance to stress in all directions,
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13
Q

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found

A

dermis in skin, anchoring epithelium, capsules of organ where strong support required

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14
Q

Describe dense regular connective tissue

A
  • Collagen fibres aligned (parallel bundles) with linear orientations of fibroblasts arranged in rows between bundles
  • Provides great tensile strength/resistance against forces pulling in a straight line
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15
Q

Where is dense regular connective tissue found

A

• E.g. tendon, ligaments, aponeuroses

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16
Q

Describe structural property of tendon

A

Consist of parallel bundles of collagen fibres, help resist tensile strength.
- Proteoglycans allow them to resist compressive stress. (molecules can absorb lots of water and swell)

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17
Q

Describe structural property of fascia

A

collagen fibers oriented in a wavy pattern parallel to the direction of pull. Fascia is consequently flexible and able to resist great unidirectional tension forces until the wavy pattern of fibers has been straightened out by the pulling force

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18
Q

Describe structural property of ligament

A

Consist of parallel bundles of collagen fibres, help resist tensile strength. - Fibres less regularly arranged than those in tendons

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19
Q

Describe structural property of apopneuroses

A

Consist of parallel bundles of collagen fibres, help resist tensile strength.
bundles of collagen fibres in one layer arranged at right angle to those in neighbouring layer

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20
Q

Similarity between tendon and apopneuroses

A

Apopneuroses resemble tendon, they are fibrous tissue attaching sheet like muscle with wide area of attachment

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21
Q

How are tendon and apopneuroses functionally similar

A

 Like tendons, aponeuroses can be stretched by the forces of muscular contraction, absorbing energy like a spring and returning it when they recoil to unloaded conditions.

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22
Q

What cells produce collagen fibres

A

Fibroblasts

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23
Q

What is fascia

A

• a band of connective tissue, primarily collagen, beneath the skin that and separates muscles and other internal organ

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24
Q

What sort of connective tissue are tendons, ligaments and apopneuroses

A

Dense regular connective tissue

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25
What does H & E stain show
Nucleus: blue Cytoplasm: red
26
Different types of connective tissue fibres in connective tissue
1) Collagen 2) elastic fibres 3) reticular fibres
27
Describe collagen fibres
- Thick, strong unbranched | Most common forms (type 1 and 2) form fibrils with great tensile strength
28
Structure of collagen fibres
- Fibrils formed from tropocollagen molecules (which consist of 3 peptide chains intertwined in right hand helix) assembled end to end and staggered. - Fibrils assemble to form collagen fibre.
29
Where are collagen fibres most abundant
Tendons, ligaments
30
Describe elastic fibres
- small, thin, branching - . Lower tensile strength compared to collagen. l.
31
Describe how elastic fibres can change
- In a relaxed state, random coiled structure but can stretch/recoil
32
Where is elastic tissue most abundant, why
- lungs, bladder, skin, aorta | - allow stretching without distorting/breaking tissue.
33
What are reticular fibres
- composed of type 3 collagen | - are thin fibres
34
Where are reticular fibres found
haematopoietic organs (spleen, liver and lymph nodes)
35
3 collagen disorders
1) Osteogenesis imperfecta 2) Marfan's syndrome 3) Ehlers Danlos
36
What causes osteogenesis imperfecta
1) Caused by: decrease in type 1 collagen, short alpha 1 chains, these associate with alpha 2 chains but cannot form stable triple helix substitution of gly residue (replaced with arg or cys) blocks formation of stable helix
37
What are symptoms of Marfan's syndrome
- loss of integrity of elastic fibres, | - aorta tends to rupture - abnormally long and slender limbs, fingers, and toes
38
What are symptoms of Osteogenesis imperfecta
- brittle bones,- repeated fractures, - bone deformities in children - blue sclerae
39
What causes Marfan's syndrome
- reduced fibrillin/fibrillin (a glycoprotein) mutation | - OR extra amino acids near C terminus of alpha 2 chain results in cross linking as residues no longer line up
40
What is the effect of collagen disorders
Structural weakness in connective tissue
41
What happens in Ehlers Danlos
Fewer hydroxylsine residues so deficient cross linking OR failure to process precursor precollagen into tropocollagen
42
Symptoms of Ehlers Danlos
Hyperextensible skin and recurrent joint dislocation
43
Function of GAGS
– long unbranched polysaccharide chains which are anionic, hydrophilic attracting water so swelling, turgor, resist compression e.g. in joints
44
How can GAGs form proteoglycans
be covalently linked to proteins forming proteoglycans
45
What forms cartilage
Combination of proteoglycans and collagen
46
What are the different cells in connective tissue
Fibroblast, adipose cells, macrophages, mast cells
47
What do fibroblasts do
- synthesise ECM and mOst abundant cell type found in connective tissue - specialised for production+secretion of proteins (e.g. lay down collagen fibres in particular direction, elastin) and other macromolecules for synthesis of ECM (e.g. GAG, growth factor, glycoproteins, proteoglycans)
48
What do adipose cells do in connective tissue
- store triglycerides, -provide cushioning -thermal insulation
49
Structure of adipose cells
nuclei normally at periphery of cell with small band of cytoplasm around edge of cell.
50
Why do adipose cells seeme empty
fat dissolved during staining slides,
51
What do macrophages do
. Marcophages carry out phagocytosis and degrade ECM, they initiate and down regulate inflammatory response recruiting leukocytes to kill pathogens.
52
What happens in immune defence in connective tissue
Macrophages and plasma cells migrate into connective tissue, secrete antibodies.
53
Describe mast cells structurally, location etc
Often associated with blood vessels, are dark staining because they contain lots of secretory granules filled with bioactive molecules e.g. histamine.
54
Role of mast cells in connective tissue
Mast cells phagocytose bacteria, stimulating them to release granules causing vasodilation, increasing capillary permeability – so more fluid into tissue and swelling (also more molecules like neutrophils can pass through capillary to connective tissue to clear out pathogen)
55
Different types of adipose tissue
White and brown
56
Structural differences between white and brown
White: single large droplet of triglyceride fat , little cytoplasm Brown: : more cytoplasm, many mitochondria, multiple small fat droplets
57
What happens to fat droplets in white adipose tissue
(fat cells form as lipid droplets accumulate, fuse and enlarge)
58
How is brown tissue innervated
Autonomic innervation sympathetic neurones
59
fUNCTION of white tissue
energy storage, insulation and padding
60
Function of brown tissue
heat generation
61
Function of cartilage/where is it found
• Covers and protects articulating surfaces of bone and forms part of septum of nose, external ear and embryological skeleton
62
Property of cartilage
bear mechanical stress without permanent distortion and is efficient shock absorber,
63
How is cartilage made
• Made of ECM which is produced + maintained by chondrocytes and chondroblasts. - Chondroblasts are mesenchymal progenitor cells synthesising ECM of cartilage. - Throughout cartilage matrix are lacunae (spaces), when chondroblasts become surrounded by cartilage in lacunae they are called chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells), these maintain cartilage.
64
Which cells maintain cartilage
Chondrocytes
65
Is cartilage vascular or avascular
Avascular
66
Describe blood supply for cartilage
• Cartilage is avascular tissue surrounded by vascular connective tissue. Diffusion is the only means by which nutrients enter and waste products leave.
67
3 different types of cartilage
Fibrocartilage Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage
68
Structure of fibrocartilage
- irregular dense collagen fibre structure. - Formed of layers of thick type 1 collagen fibres and layers of collagen matrix
69
Where is fibrocartilage found
pubic symphysis, at intraarticular discs in synovial joint, intervertebral discs, annulus fibrosus
70
Function of hyaline cartilage
low friction articular surface in synovial joints allows friction free movement, slightly deformable.
71
Where is hyaline cartilage found in adults
it forms flexible skeleton of parts of nose, larynx, ribs, trachea, bronchi and covers articular surfaces of bone.
72
Importance of hyaline cartilage in bone development
Forms basic structure of bone which then undergo endochondral ossification in embryo (template for formation of bony skeleton).
73
Properties of hyaline cartilage
- type 2 collagen fibres and large aggregating proteoglycan Proteoglycans attached to - GAGs which are charged/hydrophilic, takes up lots of water, results in hydrated cartilage matrix – good for shock absorption
74
Property of elastic cartilage
contains more elastic fibres in its matrix (contains elastin), more flexible
75
Where is elastic cartilage found
lines walls of auditory canal, forms part of ear, vocal cords, larynx and epiglottis

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