stim kells Flashcards
What are stem cells
undifferentiated cells, capable of long term self renewal (through cell division) and can divide without limit
What happens to potency as stem cells differentiate
progressive restriction of developmental potential/loss of potency
Describe the different stem cells
totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, unipotent
What do stem cells form when they divide
1) produces transient amplifying cell and also another stem cell
2) Or two populations of stem cells, one population reproduces itself as stem cells, other
True of false, more division occurs through TAC not stem cells
True
Why are adult stem cells important
- Important to maintain cell populations that last for long periods of time and must be renewed
- They generate the cell types of the tissue in which they reside
- Important for continued production of cells in: epithelium, blood, muscle, liver and brain
Describe totipotent stem cells
cells from early mammalian embryo. Can form entire blastocyst (embryonic tissue and fetal placenta around it)
Pluripotent stem cells…
: can form embryo but not surrounding placental tissue. Give rise to 3 germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)
Multipotent stem cells ..
can give rise to many cell types
Unipotent stem cells/commited stem cell…
Give rise to one cell type
Describe journey of embryonic stem cell
- In the 3-5 day embryo (blastocyst)
- Inner stem cell give rise to entire body
- ESC include pluripotent and totipotent stem cells
- Totipotent from blastocyst cells at 2 or 4 cell stage. I.e. can obtain complete blastocyst from cells at this stage (i.e. embryo+fetal placenta aka trophoblast)
- Pluripotent – at 8 cell stage (but cells can’t generate complete blastocyst)
What are iPS cells
arise from adult specialised cells that have been reprogrammed genetixally to be like stem cells
• Using genetically manipulation (viral transfection/ using viral vectors) expression of 4 genes is sufficient to convert adult skin fibroblast into iPSCs.
How can iPS cells be used
• They can differentiate into desired cell types for in vitro models of disease (espeiclaly inaccessible cells like neurones) and could be used in stem cell transplantation therapy of “self” cells
Describe journey of stem cells in epithelium of gut
Stem cells at the base of layer and renew epithelium. Stem cells migrate upwards and as they do they differentiate towards the lumen
Basal cell layer contain few stem cells, mainly Transient amplifying cells. These have reduced diff capacity and make many terminally differentiated cells.
Why is base of epithelium dark when stained
dense staining as lots of nuclei present as lots of cells undergoing lots of cell division (stem cells).