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NONotomic nervy sistem Flashcards

1
Q

Describe autonomic nervous system

A

efferent system for involuntary control of body functions

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2
Q

Two efferent divisions of ANS

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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3
Q

True or false, some organs/tissue only innervated by sympathetic or parasympathetic

A

True

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4
Q

Describe the preganglionic fibres

A

Mostly myelinated

Slow/medium velocity

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5
Q

Cell bodies in CNS…

A

send pre-ganglionic fibres to synapse on ganglion cells outside the CNS. Preganglionic neurotransmitter is Ach.

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6
Q

Describe post ganglionic neurone structure

A

Non myelinated

Slow

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7
Q

What do ganglion cells do

A

Send post ganglionic fibres to cardiac, smooth muscle and glands etc

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8
Q

Where is cell body for preganglionic neurone

A

Brain/spinal cord (lateral horn)

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9
Q

Where does preganglionic neurone synapse

A

In ganglion

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10
Q

Where does post ganglionic neurone synapse

A

Visceral effector

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11
Q

Describe preganglionic output of sympathetic division

A
  • Thoracic and lumbar spinal cord (T1-L2) to all viscera
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12
Q

For sympathetic division, not outflow from…

A

from cervical spinal cord, lumbar spinal cord, brain

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13
Q

2 main groups of sympathetic ganglia

A

paravertebral and prevertebral (or preaortic), on the basis of their location within the body.

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14
Q

Where are paravertebral ganglia

A

on each side of the vertebrae

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15
Q

What do paravertebral ganglia do

A

connected to form the sympathetic chain ganglia

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16
Q

Sympathetic division is formed by chin of ganglia that…l

A

lie lateral to vertebral column

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17
Q

Where does sympathetic innervation of head come from

A

Superior cervical ganglion

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18
Q

Where do prevertebral ganglia lie

A

lie between the paravertebral ganglia and the target organ

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19
Q

What happens to presynaptic axons as they come out of spinal cord into white communicating ramus…

A

terminate in either the paravertebral ganglia or prevertebral ganglia. Nerves can pass up/down chain ganglia, and giving more widely distributed action, stimulating many nerves/interconnecting neurones

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20
Q

What happens as axon enters the paravertebral ganglion at the level of its originating spinal cord

A

it can then either synapse in this ganglion, ascend to a more superior or descend to a more inferior paravertebral ganglion and synapse there, or it can descend to a prevertebral ganglion and synapse there with the postsynaptic cell.

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21
Q

Describe lengths of preganglionic and post ganglionic neurones in sympathetic division

A

Short preganglionic

Long post ganglionic

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22
Q

Describe innervation of adrenal gland

A

large nerves passing from sympathetic chain in thorax (great splanchnic nerves) innervate adrenal gland and upper gut. The adrenal medullary cells are modified ganglion cells secrete adrenaline into the blood. preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers lead to them directly from CNS

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23
Q

Give exception to chain ganglia

A

• 3 mid line ganglia

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24
Q

What do midline ganglia release normally

A

Noradrenaline

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25
Q

What is unique about innervation of adrenal gland

A

are no postganglionic neurons involved…there are only preganglionic neurons Their axons exit the cord, pass through the nearest sympathetic ganglion and penetrate adrenal cortex

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26
Q

What are midline ganglia example of

A

Prevertebral/collateral ganglia

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27
Q

What happens to nerves that synapse at prevertebral ganglia

A

that synapse in the prevertebral ganglia the individual neurons comprising the nerve synapse with their postganglionic neuron which then innervate the gut/abdominal organs and pelvic organs

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28
Q

What supplies preganglionic neurones that synapse in prevertebral ganglia

A

supplied by greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves

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29
Q

What are the 3 midline ganglia

A
  • The coeliac ganglion

* The superior mesenteric ganglion • Inferior mesenteric ganglion

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30
Q

What does coeliac ganglion supply

A

Foregut

31
Q

What does superior mesenteric ganglion supply

A

midgut

32
Q

What does inferior mesenteric ganglion supply

A

Pelvic organ

33
Q

What is Horner’s syndrome

A
  • Lesions of the superior cervical ganglion results in the Horner’s
34
Q

Symptoms of Horner’s syndrome

A

Signs of loss of sympathetic action include permanent pupil constriction drooping eyelid dry and flushed face.

35
Q

What causes permanent pupil constriction in Horner’s

A

(Parasympathetic system not opposed: parasympathetic supply causes constriction, sympathetic causes dilation

36
Q

What causes dropping eye lid /ptosis in Horners

A

loss of control of smooth muscles that raise eye lid

37
Q

Describe parasympathetic division outflow

A
  • Output in cranial nerves – output from 4 nerves from brain and sacral spinal cord (spinal segments S2-S4) (nothing from cervical or thoracic spinal cord)
38
Q

Are there segmental chain ganglia in parasympathetic division

A

No

39
Q

Describe position of ganglia in PNS

A

Close to target organs they innervate

40
Q

Describe lengths of post and preganglionic neurones

A
  • Long preganglionic and short post ganglionic nerves. So parasympathetic ganglion cells close to target organ they innervate/ within end organ
41
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for both preganglionic and post ganglionic neurones in PNS

A

Ach

42
Q

What do sacral nerves innervate

A

Lower gut

Urogenital tract

43
Q

What do cranial nerves innervate

A

innervate head and face providing motor, sensory and autonomic supply.

44
Q

Describe ordering of cranial nerves

A

Cranial nerves emerge in ordered sequence with 1st (Olefactory) and last 12th (Hypoglossal).

45
Q

What are the parasympathetic nerves emerging from cranial nerves

A

1) Oculomotor nerve 3
2) Facial nerve 7
3) Glossopharyngeal nerve 9
4) Vagus nerve 10

46
Q

What does oculomotor nerve innervate, which number cranial nerve does it originate from

A

Eye 3

47
Q

What does facial nerve innervate, which number cranial nerve does it originate from

A

Ganglia supplying tear and salivary gland 7

48
Q

What does glossopharyngeal nerve innervate, which number cranial nerve does it originate from

A

Supplies ganglia regulating parotid salivary gland 9

49
Q

What does vagus nerve innervate, which number cranial nerve does it originate from

A

and supplies parasympathetic nerves to thorax (heart and lungs) and abdomen (i.e. most abdominal viscera)
10

50
Q

What are the 3 options of ganglia innervating for SNS

A

1) preganglionic nerves terminate in ganglia
2) some pass along chain before terminating
3) pass to prevertebral/midline ganglia via splanchnic nerve

51
Q

Describe similarity between SNS and PNS

A

• Both feature single synapse normally, found in ganglia positioned between spinal organ and target organ/tissue
• Neurotransmitter released by preganglionic neurone at ganglionic synapse is just Ach (acts on nicotinic Ach receptors on post ganglionic neurone
- Both often release cotransmitters at synapse with tissue

52
Q

Function of ENS

A

generate peristaltic movements of gut and regulate secretion by cells of gut wall

53
Q

How is control reflex within ENS and between parts of GI controlled

A
  • Sensory, secretomotor and motor neurones
54
Q

What do control reflexes in ENS regulate

A

regulate peristalsis, secretion and vascular tone (sensory cells detect food, communicates with deeper layers causing contraction)

55
Q

What nerves regulate ENS

A

by pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres (vagus nerve) and post ganglionic sympathetic systems.

56
Q

Describe neurotransmitter release by enteric nerves

A

release many neuropeptides and transmitters, other than NA and Ah e.g. 5-HT, nitric oxide, ATP.

57
Q

Describe 2 plexi of ENS

A
  • Major plexus (myenteric plexus) lies above circular muscles layer. Submucosal plexus lies above gut lining
58
Q

Where does major/myenteric plexus lie

A

Above circular muscular layer

59
Q

Where does submucosal plexus lie

A

Above gut lining

60
Q

What are plexi

A

Intrinsic nerve network

61
Q

What does food in gut cause…

A

mechanical release of serotonin, this stimulates cells in submucosal plexus which in turn stimulates myenteric plexus.

62
Q

What happens to sensory info from ENS

A

Carried back to CNS by visceral sensory fibres

63
Q

What do visceral afferents do

A

) conduct sensory impulses (usually pain or reflex sensations) from the viscera, glands, and blood vessels to the central nervous system

64
Q

What do visceral afferents run with

A

Autonomic nerves

65
Q

Examples of visceral afferents

A

Chemoreceptor, mechanoreceptor, stretch receptor

66
Q

What can visceral afferent elicit

A

involuntary autonomic reflex (e.g. baroreceptor reflex

67
Q

What is the visceral motor component of NS

A

Autonomic division of PNS

68
Q

What is function of visceral part of CNS

A

concerned with detecting and responding to information from internal environment.

69
Q

How do baroreceptors operate and how can they lead to decreased BP

A

As bp rises, The greater the stretch the more rapidly baroreceptors fire action potentials. end-result of baroreceptor activation is inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system and activation of the parasympathetic nervous system, decreases heart rate and thus bp

70
Q

What is micturition reflex

A

Stretch receptors in bladder send afferent signals to CNS (via autonomic afferent nerves).This stimulates parasympathetic supply to the smooth muscle (detrusor) of bladder wall results in contraction and emptying bladder. In babies, bladder filling with urine initiates reflex emptying

71
Q

give example of how visceral afferents may give sensation and mixed autonomic and voluntary somatic effect

A

Micturition reflex.

72
Q

Spinal outflow for para and symp

A

Para: cranial (3,7,9,10) and sacral (S2-S4)
Symp: thoracic and lumbar

73
Q

Describe position of ganglia for para and symp

A

Para:near/in target tissue
Symp: Near spinal cord

74
Q

Describe cotransmitters released at post ganglionic para and symp neurone

A

Para: NO, VIP
Symp: ATP, neuropeptide Y

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