Tillage Flashcards
Typical crop rotation:
-Oilseed rape
-Winter wheat
-Spring Barley
-Winter Barley
-Oats
Whats a break crop?
Oilseed rape
Oats
Trial designs:
-25% of trials are Teagasc
-75% of trials are for commercial
-Always untreated control
-Each treatment gets 4 reps
-Randomised blocks
Test only treatment type
OR
-Split Plot variety treatment
Tests both variety and treatment
-Treatments are randomised in each variety block
Commercial trials companies:
-Bayer
-BASF
-Corteva
-Syngenta
What are teagasc trials based on?
IPM
Integrated Pest Management
Deirdre uses products that are already available on the market and sees what is the most efficient, their strengths and weaknesses
Winter wheat trial
PH
N
P
K
6.5
Index 2
Index 4
Index 3
Talk about variety of of Winter wheat trial
-Thousand grain weight
-Seed rate application
-Seeds per square metre
-Sown date
-52 grams
-192kg/ha
-390 seeds per meter squared
-October
Before a trial is sown how if the field prepped
-Ploughed- One pass system
-Parrow harrowed ground
-Seed placed
-Rolled
What size is trial plots?
-2m x 12m
What did the trial recieve?
-Slug pellets October
-Aphicide and herbicide December
-N in march
-Growth regulator in April
What weeds ?
Thistles
Chickweed
Spraying of Winter wheat trial:
-T1 when leaf 3 fully emerged (end of april) Revystar XL+Arizona
As this is both an azole ad SDHI and Multisite
-T2 (end of may) when leaf 1 fully emerged Flag leaf.
Peacoq + Pontoon + Arizona
Which included QIL (quinone inside inhibitors)
-T3 (June) also known as head spray , done early flowering.
Prosaro, included 2 different azoles
Why is it important to use different actives?
Reduce the chance of resistance
Cultivation and seedbed prep:
Ploughing primary cultivation method
-Trial plots ploughed perpendicular to the plots at a depth of 7 inches
-One pass system occur parrowharrowing and sowing , then rolling weather permited.
Why is cultivation important?
Uniform germination and seedling establishment.
Where are trials sown?
-Oakpark
-Kildalton
-Cork
-Dublin
-Knockbeg
What are some trials sown with?
-Fiona drill
-one pass system
What does rolling the ground enhance?
-Germination
Commercially available winter wheat varieties :
Why are they choosen?
-Dawsum
-Grahim- they are choosen because they are less resistant to septoria
What does septoria look like?
Yellow discolouration can significantly impact yeild and quality of crop
Why is septoria so prominant?
Due to irelands climate: Damp mild conditions - Septoria thrives in this weather- Winter /Spring wheat!
Septoria!
With wheat, When is septoria a major concern?
What is a concern later in the crop?
T1 T2
Fusarium Head Blight (FHB)
WHt does FHB look like?
Furisium Head Blight causes the grain to become shrivelled and discolored, its not as big of an issue as septoria but its still prominent
What is another disease present in wheat?
What does it look like?
Why does it develop?
-Yellow rust
Yellow patches , stripe formation on leaves
The most prominent type of rust in Oakpark is yellow rust
Mild moist conditions
What isnt a common disease in what but is still an issue?
-Powdery mildew, isnt a problem as there is resistant seeds that they use to make sure there wont be much of it
Looks like small, white powdery patches on leaf
Why is IPM important?
Carefully select varieties that are resistant to diseases and delay in sowing sated to minimize disease occurring.
Average yield for winter wheat:
Hectolitre weight:
11-12 tonnes /ha
74
Why is hectolitre weight important?
Its crucial to measure the grain quality
Barley Varities in Oakpark
-Pixel
-Cassia
-Tardis
Winter barley varities:
Cassia
Spring Barley Varities:
Pixel
Tardis
What is pixel susceptible to?
Ramularia
Brown rust
Cassia is susceptible to
Rhyncosporium
Ramularia
Tardis is susceptible to:
Highly susceptible to Ramularia
Whats the standard rate of seed for sowing barley?
-350 seeds per square metre
Whats the germination rate of barley seeds ?
85%
Winter barley yield?
10 tonnes
Average hectolitre weight of winter barley?
65
Whats the primary factors affecting grain yield?
-Weather
-Nutrient availability
-Disease
Whats the most prevalent disease in barley?
Ramularia
What does Ramularia look like?
Small pale yellow spots that progress into lesions
What does rhyncosporum look like?
Small , elongated lesions that are pale green or grey,
Advanced lesions turn brown to dark grey with irregular edges
In late season of barley what attacks it?
Brown rust
What does net blotch look like and what does it occur in?
Barley
Small yellow spots on leaves that grow into lesions , small dark areas with yellow outline
BYDV
Barley Yellow Daraf Virus
Yellowing of leaves , purple or red tint on edges of leaves
Aphids spread this
Diease resistant barley is the only way
What did we assess barley for in lab?
Rynco
Ramularia
Net blotch
What potato varity does deirdre work with in oakpark?
Rooster- known for its high yields
When where potatoes planted, what size plots?
in May
2.5m x 9m plots
Main disease in potatoes?
Late blight
Dark lesions that turn into dark brown large spots
Fungicide applications for potatoes:
Start mid-July
Every week (Thursday) until the first week of September
When are they harvested?
November
20 tonne per hectare
OLR
Didnt plant due to previous clubroot infestation due to inadequate crop rotation
What does club root look like ?
distorted roots and stunted growth with wilting above ground
Challenging to manage because of its germination of resting spores in soil after infection
Wait 6 years
Herbicide for winter crops:
Herbicide for spring crops:
-Winter crops 2 herbicide applications
-Spring crops 1 herbicide application
Cans for spraying :
1-60
5 litres poured into a bucket
Stirred mix, placed into cans
Pressurized to 2.1 bar
Application rate of spraying cans:
200 litres of water per hectare
-Handheld boom or Boom on small tractor
-Low drift air induction nozzles
Harvesting:
Combine weighs, tests moisture levels , collects samples from each plot
Barley should be harvested at what % of moisture
Wheat should be harvested at what % moisture
-15%
-20%
When is winter wheat harvested
Mid august
When is spring barley harvested?
Mid to end of august
When is Winter Barley harvested?
Mid july
Whats the special harvester called ?
IPO Rosenlew harvester
