Tibia

Question 1

Bones of the Tibia

Answer 1

1. Anatomy:
   - Proximal Epiphysis: This end of the tibia is broader and articulates with the femur to form the knee joint. It features the medial and lateral condyles, which are important for knee stability.
   - Diaphysis: The shaft of the tibia is triangular in cross-section, providing strength and support.
   - Distal Epiphysis: This end articulates with the talus bone of the ankle and includes the medial malleolus, which is a prominent bony structure on the inner side of the ankle.
2. Surfaces and Borders:
   - Facies Anterior: The anterior surface is subcutaneous and easily palpable.
   - Facies Medialis and Lateralis: These surfaces are where the tibia connects with surrounding muscles and ligaments.
   - Margo Medialis and Lateralis: The medial and lateral borders provide attachment points for muscles and ligaments.

Question 2

Muscles Associated with the Tibia

Answer 2

The tibia serves as an attachment point for several muscles that facilitate movement in the lower limb. Key muscle groups include:
1. Anterior Compartment:
- Tibialis Anterior: Responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot.
- Extensor Hallucis Longus: Extends the big toe.
- Extensor Digitorum Longus: Extends the other toes.
- Peroneus Tertius: Assists in dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot.

2. Posterior Compartment:
   - Tibialis Posterior: Involved in plantarflexion and inversion of the foot.
   - Flexor Digitorum Longus: Flexes the toes.
   - Flexor Hallucis Longus: Flexes the big toe.
   - Popliteus: Aids in unlocking the knee joint.
3. Lateral Compartment:
   - Peroneus Longus and Brevis: Responsible for eversion of the foot.

Question 3

Joints Involving the Tibia

Answer 3

1. Knee Joint (Articulatio Genus):
   - Formed between the tibia and femur, allowing for flexion and extension.
   - Stabilized by ligaments, including the cruciate and collateral ligaments.
2. Ankle Joint (Articulatio Talocruralis):
   - Formed between the tibia, fibula, and talus.
   - Allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.
3. Tibiofibular Joint:
   - A plane joint between the head of the fibula and the lateral condyle of the tibia.

Question 4

Ligaments Associated with the Tibia

Answer 4

1. Cruciate Ligaments:
   - Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) and Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) stabilize the knee joint.
2. Collateral Ligaments:
   - Medial (Tibial) Collateral Ligament (MCL) and Lateral (Fibular) Collateral Ligament (LCL) provide stability to the knee.
3. Deltoid Ligament:
   - A complex of ligaments on the medial side of the ankle that stabilizes the joint.
4. Interosseous Membrane:
   - Connects the tibia and fibula along their lengths

Question 5

Blood Vessels Suppling the Tibia

Answer 5

1. Main Arteries:
   - Popliteal Artery: Branches into the anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery.
   - Anterior Tibial Artery: Supplies the anterior compartment of the leg.
   - Posterior Tibial Artery: Supplies the posterior compartment and gives rise to the fibular artery.
2. Veins:
   - Great Saphenous Vein: Drains blood from the superficial structures of the leg.
   - Small Saphenous Vein: Drains the lateral aspect of the leg.

Question 6

Nerves Innervating the Tibia

Answer 6

1. Plexus Lumbalis:
   - Nervus Femoralis: Supplies the anterior thigh muscles.
   - Nervus Obturatorius: Supplies the medial thigh muscles.
2. Plexus Sacralis:
   - Nervus Ischiadicus: The largest nerve in the body, it branches into the tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve.
   - Tibial Nerve: Innervates the posterior compartment muscles and provides sensory innervation to the plantar surface of the foot.
   - Common Peroneal Nerve: Splits into superficial and deep branches, innervating the lateral and anterior compartments, respectively