Femur

Question 1

Femur bones

Answer 1

Femur: The longest bone in the human body, it consists of three main parts:
- Proximal Epiphysis: Includes the head (caput femoris) that articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis.
- Diaphysis: The shaft of the femur, which is cylindrical and provides structural support.
- Distal Epiphysis: Contains the medial and lateral condyles that articulate with the tibia at the knee joint.

Question 2

Femur Muscles

Answer 2

Muscles Acting on the Femur:
- Hip Joint Muscles:
- Flexors: Iliopsoas (psoas major and iliacus).
- Extensors: Gluteus maximus, hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus).
- Abductors: Gluteus medius and minimus.
- Adductors: Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus.
- Rotators: Piriformis, obturator internus, and quadratus femoris.

• Muscles of the Thigh:
• Anterior Compartment: Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius) which extends the knee.
• Posterior Compartment: Hamstrings which flex the knee.

Question 3

Femur Joints

Answer 3

Hip Joint:
- Type: Enarthrosis (ball and socket joint).
- Articular Surfaces: Acetabulum of the pelvis and head of the femur.
- Movements: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation.

• Knee Joint:
• Type: Trochoginglymus (hinge with rotation).
• Articular Surfaces: Medial and lateral condyles of the femur articulate with the tibia.
• Movements: Flexion and extension, with limited internal and external rotation when the knee is flexed.

Question 4

Femur Ligaments

Answer 4

Hip Joint Ligaments:
- Ligamentum iliofemorale: Supports the anterior aspect of the hip joint.
- Ligamentum pubofemorale: Stabilizes the joint medially.
- Ligamentum ischiofemorale: Provides stability posteriorly.
- Ligamentum capitis femoris: Contains the artery to the head of the femur.

• Knee Joint Ligaments:
• Collateral Ligaments:
• Medial collateral ligament (MCL): Stabilizes the inner knee.
• Lateral collateral ligament (LCL): Stabilizes the outer knee.
• Cruciate Ligaments:
• Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL): Prevents forward sliding of the tibia.
• Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL): Prevents backward sliding of the tibia.

Question 5

Femur Blood Vessels

Answer 5

Main Arteries:
- Femoral Artery: Supplies blood to the thigh and branches into the profunda femoris artery.
- Profunda Femoris Artery: Gives rise to perforating branches that supply the posterior thigh.
- Popliteal Artery: Continuation of the femoral artery behind the knee, branching into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.

• Veins:
• Great Saphenous Vein: Drains the superficial structures of the leg and thigh.
• Femoral Vein: Drains deep structures of the thigh and becomes the external iliac vein

Question 6

Femur Nerves

Answer 6

Nerves Innervating the Femur:
- Femoral Nerve: Innervates the anterior thigh muscles (quadriceps) and provides sensory innervation to the medial leg via the saphenous nerve.
- Obturator Nerve: Innervates the adductor muscles of the thigh.
- Sciatic Nerve: Divides into the tibial and common peroneal nerves, innervating the posterior thigh muscles