The coxae, or hip bones

Question 1

The coxae, or hip bones

Answer 1

1. Coxae (Pelvic Bones): Each coxa is made up of three fused bones:
   - Ilium: The uppermost and largest part of the coxa.
   - Ischium: The posterior part of the coxa.
   - Pubis: The anterior part of the coxa.
2. Sacrum: The sacrum connects the coxae to the vertebral column.
3. Coccyx: The tailbone, which is the remnant of the vertebrae.
4. Femur: The thigh bone that articulates with the acetabulum of the coxa at the hip joint.

Question 2

Muscles for hip

Answer 2

1. Muscles of the Hip Joint:
   - Flexors: Iliopsoas (composed of iliacus and psoas major).
   - Extensors: Gluteus maximus.
   - Abductors: Gluteus medius and minimus.
   - Adductors: Adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus.
   - Rotators: Piriformis, obturator internus, and quadratus femoris.
2. Muscles of the Thigh:
   - Anterior Thigh Muscles: Quadriceps femoris (extensor of the knee).
   - Posterior Thigh Muscles: Hamstrings (flexors of the knee).

Question 3

Joints for hip

Answer 3

1. Hip Joint (Articulatio coxae):
   - Type: Ball-and-socket joint (enarthrosis sphaeroidea).
   - Articular Surfaces: Acetabulum (with labrum acetabulare) and the head of the femur.
   - Movements: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, external rotation, and circumduction.

Question 4

Ligaments for hip

Answer 4

1. Ligamentum iliofemorale: Connects the ilium to the femur, preventing hyperextension.
2. Ligamentum pubofemorale: Connects the pubis to the femur, limiting excessive abduction.
3. Ligamentum ischiofemorale: Connects the ischium to the femur, providing stability to the joint.
4. Ligamentum capitis femoris: Internal ligament that supplies blood to the head of the femur.
5. Ligamentum transversum acetabuli: A transverse ligament in the acetabulum

Question 5

Blood Vessels for hip

Answer 5

1. Main Arteries:
   - Aorta: Branches into the common iliac arteries.
   - Arteria iliaca interna: Supplies pelvic organs and muscles.
   - Arteria iliaca externa: Becomes the femoral artery, supplying the lower limb.
   - Arteria femoralis: Supplies the thigh and branches into the profunda femoris artery.
   - Arteria obturatoria: Supplies the medial compartment of the thigh.
2. Veins:
   - Vena saphena magna: Major superficial vein of the leg.
   - Vena saphena parva: Drains the posterior aspect of the leg.
   - Deep veins: Accompany the arteries and include the femoral vein.

Question 6

Nerves for hip

Answer 6

1. Plexus lumbalis: Provides motor and sensory innervation to the lower limb.
   - Nervus femoralis: Innervates the anterior thigh muscles.
   - Nervus obturatorius: Innervates the medial thigh muscles.
   - Nervus cutaneus femoris lateralis: Sensory nerve for the lateral thigh.
2. Plexus sacralis: Supplies the posterior thigh and lower leg.
   - Nervus ischiadicus: The largest nerve in the body, innervates the hamstrings and lower leg muscles.
   - Nervus tibialis: Innervates the posterior compartment of the leg.
   - Nervus peroneus communis: Divides into superficial and deep branches, innervating the lateral and anterior compartments of the leg