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Endocrinology > Thyroid physiology > Flashcards

Thyroid physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what 3 parts make up the thyroid gland?

A

2 lateral lobes, connected by isthmus

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2
Q

where does the thyroid gland embryologically originate from?

A

base of tongue

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3
Q

Between what vertebral levels does the thyroid lie?

A

C5-T1

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4
Q

What does the thyroid gland consist of?

A

follicles lined by cuboidal epithelium

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5
Q

What do the follicular cells make?

A

the colloid

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6
Q

Which hormones does the thyroid secrete?

A

triiodothyronine (T3)
L-thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin

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7
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there?

A

4

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8
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid hormone secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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9
Q

What 2 cartilages lie above the thyroid gland?

A

Cricoid cartilage

Thyroid cartilage

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10
Q

T3 is produced more than T4.

true or false

A

false

more T4 is produced

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11
Q

what is T4 converted into in peripheral tissues?

A

active T3

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12
Q

Is it free or unbound hormones that are active?

A

free

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13
Q

What hormone stimulates the pituitary to secrete thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH)

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14
Q

What dietary requirement is necessary for thyroid hormone synthesis?

A

iodine

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15
Q

Which hormone stimulates the release of thyroid hormones?

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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16
Q

What 3 hormones are measured in thyroid function tests?

A

TSH
T4
T3

17
Q

What results of a thyroid function test would be expected in thyrotoxicosis?

A

suppressed TSH
Increased free T4
Increased free T3

18
Q

What results of a thyroid function test would be expected in primary hypothyroidism?

A

increased TSH
low free T4
normal/low free T3

19
Q

What results of a thyroid function test would be expected in TSH deficiency?

A

low-normal TSH
low-normal free T4
normal/low free T3

20
Q

Is it the free or unbound hormone measured in thyroid function tests?

A

free

21
Q

How does T3 complete the negative feedback loop for thyroid hormones?

A

T3 suppresses TRH and TSH production

22
Q

What serum proteins do thyroid hormones bind to for transport?

A

TBG

TBPA

23
Q

Thyroid hormones can enter a cell when bound to a serum protein
True or false

A

False

only the unbound form can enter cells

24
Q

List some causes of increased TBG

A

Pregnancy
Hep A
Acute intermittent porphyria

25
Q

List some causes of decreased TBG

A

Acromegaly
large doses of glucocorticoids
chronic liver disease
genetics

26
Q

List some effects that thyroid hormones have on the body…

A

Increased metabolic rate
increased thermogenesis
increased HR
increased RR

27
Q

What enzyme is needed to degrade T3 and T4?

A

de-iodinase

Endocrinology (17 decks)

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