Thyroid/parathyroid Flashcards
What is the cause of primary hyperparatyroidism
Hyperplasia
Carcinoma
Adenoma
What is the cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
Chronic hypocalcemia
CKD
What does hyperparathyroidism cause?
⬇️ neuromuscular excitability
Cardiac dysrhythmia’s
Renal impairment
ALL DUE TO HYPERCALCEMIA
What relationship do calcium and phosphorus have
An inverse one… Hypercalcemia = hypophosphatemia
What happens w/ hypoparathyroid
Genetic
Causes hypocalcemia= brittle nails, dry skin, memory issues
Which is the active form of thyroid hormones
T3- triiodothyronine
What do thyroid hormones do
Regulate metabolism, growth,
and development
Impacts energy levels, body temperature, heart rate
Thyroid gland produces how much of T3 and T4 ?
Most of T4 produced by thyroid gland
Only 10% of T3 produced by thyroid gland, rest is produced when T4 is converted T3 in the body tissues
What other hormones produced by the thyroid aside from T3/T4
Calcitonin= regulates serum calcium levels along with parathyroid hormone
What drives the production of T3 and T4
Hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone—> stimulates anterior pituitary to produce thyroid, stimulating hormone (TSH)
What is primary hypothyroidism
Thyroid does not produce enough hormones
-Hashimotos thyroiditis=most common
Secondary hypothyroidism happens why?
Because the pituitary gland is not functioning properly, therefore TSH does not stimulate thyroid to make hormones
Symptoms of hypothyroidism
SLOW METABOLISM
Fatigue
Cold intolerance
Weight gain
Cause of graves disease
autoimmune; most common cause of hyperthyroidism
s/s of hyperthyroidism
wt loss
heat intolerance
tremors
palpitations
exophthalmos
diplopia
periorbital edema
mechanism of Graves Disease
autoimmune activation of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor–>causes overproduction of T3/T4 and thyroid hyperplasia
normal thyroid function
controlled by hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis; hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)–>stimulated pituitary to release TSH–>stimulates thyroid to produce T3/T4
-feedback inhibition maintains balance
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
autoimmune; chronic lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid; most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine sufficient regions
Dx of Hashimoto’s
elevated TSH
low T4
+anti TPO antibodies(produced by immune system; targets TPO production)
Labs Graves’ Disease
Low TSH(pituitary shuts off because thyroid hormones elevated and doesn’t release TSH)
Elevated T3/T4
Other non immune causes of hypothyroidism
-Iodine deficiency
-virus/bacteria cause inflammation
-Medications
-Pituitary issues
Labs for hypothyroidism
Elevated TSH
Low T4
Secondary hyperthyroidism
Thyroid hormones elevated because of a pituitary problem
-TSH, T4, and T3 levels all high
