Musculoskeletal

Question 1

Simple fracture

Answer 1

Crack in the bone with no skin break

Question 2

Compound fracture

Answer 2

Bone broken with pierced skin

Question 3

Spiral fracture

Answer 3

Caused by twisting motion

Question 4

Green stick fracture

Answer 4

Complete fracture on one side of the bone with a bend on the other
-incomplete

Question 5

What are the three phases of bone healing?

Answer 5

Inflammatory
Repair
Remodel

Question 6

Inflammatory phase of bone healing

Answer 6

• hematoma forms
• inflammatory response w/ cytokines/prostaglandins–>other immune cells to clean up debris

Question 7

Repairative phase of bone healing

Answer 7

1-Fibroblasts and chondrocytes proliferate–> granulation tissue and soft callus formation
2- osteoblasts deposit woven bone–> soft callus replaced with hard callus
3- angiogenesis takes place

Question 8

Remodeling phase of bone healing

Answer 8

-Woven bone replaced by lamellar bone
- osteoclasts resorb excess bone
- osteoblasts form new bone
- structure/strength restored

Question 9

OsteoClasts

Answer 9

Break⬇️ + resorption (destruction)
Sally’s simple solution= C = catastrophic

Question 10

Osteoblasts

Answer 10

-secrete collagen and ground substance to form non mineral bone matrix
-secrete alk phos to form mineral component of bone matrix
- Sally’s simple solution=B=builder

Question 11

Osteocyte

Answer 11

-A mature osteoblast
-Regulate mineralization and bone turnover

Question 12

1-Inadequate collagen leads to
2-Inadequate minerals lead to

Answer 12

1- too much flexibility
2- brittle bones that break

Question 13

Gout

Answer 13

Inflammatory arthritis caused by monosodium urate crystal deposits in joints

Question 14

Patho of gout

Answer 14

MSU crystals trigger inflammatory cascade–> activate macrophages–> release cytokines(IL-1b)–> neutrophils/ immune cells–> amplify immune response

Question 15

Labs in gout

Answer 15

URIC ACID >6.8
WBC normal or ⬆️ in acute
⬆️ ESR and CRP

Question 16

Dactylitis

Answer 16

-Reflects active disease in psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis
- marker for systemic inflammation
- sausage toes and fingers

Question 17

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 17

Autoimmune
Persistent joint information w/ progressive joint destruction

Question 18

Patho of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 18

-T Cells, B cells(cytokine release), and macrophages attack synovial fluid
- formation of pannus around joint

Question 19

Lab findings in RA

Answer 19

⬆️ ESR and CRP
+ rheumatoid factor
+ anti-CCP antibodies

Question 20

Complications of RA

Answer 20

-Vasculitis=most serious= Inflammatory mediators attack the blood vessels
- osteoporosis
-Increase infection risk
-Cardiovascular disease

Question 21

Which joints are typically affected in RA

Answer 21

Wrists, metacarpal joints, and proximal interphalangeal joints
Symmetrical polyaarthritis

Question 22

Transverse frx
Oblique frx

Answer 22

Transverse= straight across bone shaft
Oblique= at an angle to bone shaft

Question 23

Buckle fracture(Torus)

Answer 23

• incomplete
• more common in children
• one side compresses and buckles, forming a bulge
• passed by axial loading, such as falling onto an outstretched hand

Question 24

Telescope fracture

Answer 24

-One end of a bone is compressed and slides over the other
- more common in adults
- causes significant bone shortening.

Question 25

Resorption vs reabsorption

Answer 25

-Resorption involves a breakdown and removal of things from the body - reabsorption involves reuptake of substance to go back to the bloodstream

Question 26

Gout manifests how?

Answer 26

-Sudden/severe pain, swelling, redness -primarily affects great toe ---knees, writs, hands, elbows

Question 27

Cause of osteoarthritis

Answer 27

-Cartilage erosion w/ bone on bone contact -osteophyte (abnormal bone growth) production limits joint movement

Question 28

Risk fx for osteoarthritis

Answer 28

Runners/wt lifters Genetics Occupational fxt

Question 29

Common joints affected in osteoarthritis

Answer 29

Hands, hips, knees, and back

Question 30

Difference between RA and osteoarthritis

Answer 30

RA=autoimmune disorder attacking lining of joints OA=caused by normal wear and tear

Question 31

Risk factors for osteoporosis

Answer 31

Gender(female) Age Hormonal changes Low activity level Ca and vit d deficiency

Question 32

Complications of osteoporosis

Answer 32

Fractures Chronic pain Deformities

Question 33

Pathophysiology of osteoporosis

Answer 33

-Rate of bone resorption exceeds bone formation Look at rank- rankl

Question 34

Dexa scan for osteoporosis

Answer 34

Measures bone mineral density and Tscore T-Score: > -1 normal -1 to -2: osteopenia <-2 osteoporosis

Question 35

Osteopenia is...

Answer 35

Bone density is low, but not low enough to be diagnosed with osteoporosis

Question 36

Complications of osteopenia

Answer 36

Fractures Development of osteoporosis