Thyroid | Head + Neck Cancers Flashcards
1
Q
Risk factors of head + neck cancers
A
- smoking
- alcohol
- beta nut chewing (oral cancer)
- dental hygiene (oral cancer)
- viruses (e.g. HPV 16 for oropharynx)
- erythroplakia
2
Q
Risks of thyroid cancer
A
- radiation exposure
- family history
- female
- young + old people’s lumps are more likely to be malignant
3
Q
Supportive Managment of H+N cancers
A
- swallowing
- feeding
- voice rehab
- pain
- supportive care
4
Q
Presentation of lip/oral cavity cancer
A
- lump
- pain > can refer to ear
- fixation of tongue
- dysphagia
- odynophagia
5
Q
What is odynophagia?
A
Pain on swallowing
6
Q
Investigations of lip/oral cavity cancer
A
- biopsy
- CT +/- MRI (including chest)
- PET
7
Q
Treatment of lip/oral cavity treatment
A
- small tumour excise + repair
- radiotherapy
- extensive surgery for larger tumours that don’t respond to radiotherapy (hemiglossectomy/total glossectomy)
8
Q
Presentation of pharynx cancer
A
- often asymptotic > present with advanced disease
- lump
- pain
- referred otalgia
- dysphagia
- odynophagia
- weight loss
9
Q
Investigation of pharynx cancer
A
- biopsy
- CT +/- MRI (including chest)
- PET
10
Q
Treatment of pharynx cancer
A
- small tumour excise + repair
- radiotherapy
- extensive surgery for larger tumours that don’t respond to radiotherapy
11
Q
Presentation of larynx cancer
A
- dyphnoia (main feature) - hoarse voice
- dysphagia
- referred otalgia
- globus
- neck lump
- weight loss
- cacexia
12
Q
What is dyphonia?
A
Voice change
13
Q
What is globus?
A
Persistent or intermittent non painful sensation of lump in throat
14
Q
What is cacexia?
A
Weakening + wasting of body due to severe chronic illness
15
Q
Investigations of larynx cancer
A
- CT (including chest)
- PET
- biopsy
