Introduction to Neuroanatomy: general organisation and functional anatomy Flashcards
Brain orientation teminology
- superior:
- inferior:
- anterior:
- posterior:
- superior: dorsal
- inferior: ventral
- anterior: rostral towards nostril
- posterior: caudal
What are the parts of the forebrain?
- Cerebrum
- Diencephalon: thalamus + hypothalamus
What are the parts of the diencephalon?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
What are the parts of the brainstem?
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Composition of grey and white matter in the brain
- grey matter (cortex) on the surface
- white matter internal
Why is white matter lighter than grey matter?
White matter: myelinated axons (fatty+white)
Grey matter: collections of neurones
What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
Central sulcus
What is the corpus collosum?
Function
- Large bundle of myelinated axons (white matter)
- Allows for communication between hemispheres
What separates the left and right ventricles of the brain?
Septum pellucidum
What separates the parietal and occipital lobes?
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Function of the frontal lobe
- voluntary motor control
- speech
- social behaviour
- impulse control
- higher cognition (planning, thinking)
Function of parietal lobe
- somatosensory perception
- spatial awareness
What is somatosensory perception?
Any sense that isn’t a ‘special sense’
Function of occipital lobe
Visual perception
Function of temporal lobe
- language
- emotion
- long term memory
- sense of smell
- hearing
- taste
Function of cerebellum
- balance
- motor function
- co-ordination
Where is the primary motor cortex?
Pre-central gyrus
(frontal lobe)
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?
Post-central gyrus
(parietal lobe)
Where are cranial nerve nuceli located?
In the brainstem
Functions of midbrain
Involved in pathways for:
- eye movement coordination
- pupillary response to light
Functions of pons
Involved in pathways for:
- feeding
- sleep + consciousness
Function of medulla of brainstem
Involved in pathways for
- CVS + respiratory function
Explain why the control of voluntary motor action in the limbs is contralateral
- upper motor neurones connect primary motor cortex to spinal nerves (on opposite side)
- upper motor neurones decussate to opposite side at lower medulla
Explain why the control of voluntary motor action in the limbs is contralateral
- upper motor neurones connect primary motor cortex to cranial nerves (on opposite side)
- upper motor neurones decussate to opposite side at level their nuclei communicate + arise from
What is the uncus?
The relationship between where the edge of the tentorium cerebelli is found + part of the temporal lobe
What separates the frontal + parietal from the temporal bone?
Lateral fissure
How are the face, limbs + body represented in their somatosensory perception + voluntary motor control?
Homunculus
- genitals, toes + feet medially
- face, tongue + pharynx laterally
What makes up the hindbrain?
Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum
What are the layers of the scalp?
SCALP
- Skin
- Connective tissue (dense)
- Aponeurosis of occipitofrontalis
- Loose connective tissue
- Periosteum
Compare bleeding in the dense and loose connective tissue of the scalp
- bleeding in DCT is localised
- bleeding in LCT is less confined and can spread e.g. to orbit
What is in the dense connective tissue of the scalp
Vessels supplying the scalp
Cutaneous nerves
Blood supply to the scalp
- External carotid artery via occipital, post auricular + superficial temporal
- Internal carotid artery via ophthalmic, supratrochlear + supraorbital
