Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endo: Sem 2 > Thyroid Gland and Its Disorders > Flashcards

Thyroid Gland and Its Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what shape is the thyroid gland?

A

butterfly consisting of right and left lobe joined by narrow isthmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where is the thyroid gland?

A

in the neck, over the trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how much does thyroid gland weight?

A

15-20 grams with parathyroid glands at the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what two hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

A

T3 - thyroxine

T4 - triiodothyronine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are endocrine organs controlled by?

A

hypothalamo-pituitary axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the hypothalamo-pituitary axis?

A

Hypothalamus releases TRH which stimulates anterioir pituitary to release TSH which stimulated thyroid gland to synthesise and release T3/T4 and then you get negative feedback to stop TSH/TRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are primary problems?

A

issues with the gland itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are secondary problems?

A

issues with the pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the thyroid gland release more of?

A

T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which hormone is more active?

A

T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where can T4 be converted into T3?

A

the liver and in specific target tissues as heart requires diff amount of T3 compared to brain etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is thyroid gland made up of?

A

thyroid follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are thyroid follicles made up of?

A

mass of colloid surrounded by follicular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do follicular cells do?

A

produce thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are para-folicular cells (C Cells)?

A

produce calcitonin involved in calcium metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a colloid?

A

contains thyroglobulin, a protein synthesised by the follicular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is thryoglobulin?

A

contains tyrosine residues that get combined with iodine to allow formation of thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is reverse T3?

A

inactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tyrosine + Iodine

A

Monoiodotyrosine (MIT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Monoiodotyrosine + Iodine

A

Diiodotyrosine (DIT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

MIT + DIT

A

T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

DIT + DIT

A

T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how do most circulating thyroid hormones travel in circulation?

A

bound to plasma proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are 70% of the bound thyroid hormones bound to?

A

Thyroid binding globulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are 10-15% of the bound thyroid hormones bound to?

A

transthyretin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are 20-15% of the bound thyroid hormones bound to?

A

albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are two types of thyroid disease?

A

diffuse disease and nodular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is enlargement of the thyroid gland?

A

goitre.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is a uniformly swollen thyroid gland?

A

diffuse goitre

30
Q

what is a lumpy swollen thyroid gland?

A

nodular goitre

31
Q

what is hyperthyroidism?

A

too much thyroid hormone so metabolism speeds up

32
Q

what is hypothyroidism?

A

too little thyroid hormone so metabolism slows down

33
Q

signs of hyperthyroidism

A

weight loss, anxiety, palpitations, diarrhoea, hyperactivity, tremor, tachycardia, exopthalamose (bulging eyes)

34
Q

who is hyperthyroidism more common in?

A

women

35
Q

what are causes of thyrotoxicosis?

A

auto-immune so Grave’s disease or toxic multi nodular goitre. Or follicular thyroid cancer

36
Q

how will a Graves patient present?

A

smooth goitre and exopthalamos

37
Q

more eyes signs of graves

A

periorbital oedama, chemosis, lid retraction, proptosis, opthalmoplegia

38
Q

Diagnosis of primary hyperthyroidism

A

suppressed TSH, elevated thyroid hormones

39
Q

how is hyperthyroidism diagnosed?

A

isotope uptake can be used, thyroid ultrasound and TSHr antibody levels

40
Q

how is hyperthyroidism treated?

A

antithyroid medications like carbimazole, methimazole and propylthiouracil. beta blockers help patient feel better

41
Q

what do antithyroid medications do?

A

block TPO enzymes (thyroid peroxidase)

42
Q

hypothyroidism clinical features?

A

fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain, bradycardia, constipation

43
Q

what is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine sufficient areas?

A

Hashimotos disease as antibodies are directed toward TPO or thyroglobulin.

44
Q

who is hypothyroidism more common in?

A

females

45
Q

what form of hypothyroidism is hashimotos?

A

primary

46
Q

what are other causes of hypothyroidism?

A

post-thyroidectomy or post RAI, iodine deficiency/excess and drugs

47
Q

how is hypothyroidism investigated?

A

TPO antibody levels, note low T4 and high TSH

48
Q

how is hypothyroidism treated?

A

given missing hormone in form of levothyroxine

49
Q

what is the opposite of thryoid storm?

A

myxoedema coma

50
Q

what is myxoedema coma caused by?

A

long standing untreated hypothyroidism, MI, cold exposure or sedative drugs.

51
Q

what does myxoedema lead to?

A

decreased mental status, hypothermia

52
Q

what is hashimotos thyroiditis?

A

painless, diffuse goitre

53
Q

what is post-partum thyroiditis?

A

after delivery of baby

54
Q

who is hypothyroidism more common in?

A

females

55
Q

what form of hypothyroidism is hashimotos?

A

primary

56
Q

what are other causes of hypothyroidism?

A

post-thyroidectomy or post RAI, iodine deficiency/excess and drugs

57
Q

how is hypothyroidism investigated?

A

TPO antibody levels, note low T4 and high TSH

58
Q

how is hypothyroidism treated?

A

given missing hormone in form of levothyroxine

59
Q

what is the opposite of thryoid storm?

A

myxoedema coma

60
Q

what is myxoedema coma caused by?

A

long standing untreated hypothyroidism, MI, cold exposure or sedative drugs.

61
Q

what does myxoedema lead to?

A

decreased mental status, hypothermia

62
Q

what is hashimotos thyroiditis?

A

painless, diffuse goitre

63
Q

what is post-partum thyroiditis?

A

after delivery of baby

64
Q

what is subactue?thyroiditis?

A

painful thyroiditis, anyone can have it

65
Q

what is acute thyroiditis?

A

bacteria, fungus

66
Q

what is euthyroidism?

A

normal thyroid function

67
Q

what is dysphagia?

A

difficulty swallowing

68
Q

what is dysphonia?

A

inability to produce sounds

69
Q

what is dyspnoea?

A

breathless

70
Q

name a few types of thyroid cancer?

A

papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, lymphoma

71
Q

how is thyroid cancer investigated?

A
  • comes in with thyroid lump
  • find out if symptoms are hyper or hypo
  • decide if diffuse or nodular goitre
  • do thyroid blood test to find out if eu/hypo/hyper thyroid
  • FNA (fine needle aspiration) cytology and look at some cells

Endo: Sem 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions