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Endo: Sem 2 > Neuroendocrinology > Flashcards

Neuroendocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

what do hormone signalling and neurotransmission have in common?

A

they both package peptides into vesicles, the peptides are released and interact with their receptors

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2
Q

where is the release point of the peptides in neurotransmission?

A

close to receptors

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3
Q

what do nerve cells synapse with?

A

mainly other neurones but some do synapse with effector cells

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4
Q

what is neuroendocrine transmission?

A

combination of neural and endocrine signalling

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5
Q

what is a neurohormone?

A

hormone released into blood as a result of nerve cell creating excitation and generating AP

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6
Q

what transduction occurs for release of a neurohormone?

A

electrical to chemical

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7
Q

what is paracrine transmission?

A

release something from cell that diffuses locally and affects neighbouring cells

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8
Q

what is autocrine transmission?

A

cells release things and what it has released affects its own growth

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9
Q

what is intracrine transmission?

A

something that happens entirely within the cell

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10
Q

what are neuroendocrine cells?

A

neurosecretory cells that release signal molecules from their synaptic terminal into the blood.

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11
Q

what are neuroendocrine cells controlled via?

A

synaptic tranmission rom pre-synaptic neurones (neuroendocrine integration)

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12
Q

what are two types of neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus?

A

magnocellular (large cells)

parvocellular (small cells)

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13
Q

what is the structure of the pituitary gland?

A

bi-lobed with anterior and posterior lobe. Anterior is bigger

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14
Q

what is another word for posterior pituitary?

A

neurohypophysis

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15
Q

what are magnocellular cells?

A

hypothalamic cells that axons travel down into posterior pituitary and terminate there

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16
Q

what type of circulation is in the pituitary gland?

A

dual circulation

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17
Q

what exists in the posterior lobe?

A

inferior hypophyseal artery, capillary bed and inferior hypophyseal vein

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18
Q

what hormones are produced by magnocellular neurones?

A

hypothalamic hormones e.g. oxytocin and vasopressin. Stores in axon terminal in vesicles until electrically stimulated

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19
Q

how is the posterior pituitary part of the hypothalamus?

A

embryologically and functionally as neurones are hypothalamic and the released hormones are hypothalamic

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20
Q

what is the blood supply of the anterior pituitary?

A

superior hypophyseal artery which forms two capillary beds, first at base of hypothalamus (median eminence) and join to become portal veins. The portal veins form a second capillary bed in the anterior pituitary which drain through hypophyseal vein

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21
Q

how many different endocrine cells types are in the anterior lobe?

A

5

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22
Q

what happens when hormones are released into median eminence?

A

they drain into the portal vein and enter into the second capillary bed where they hormonally stimulate various cells of the anterior pituitary

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23
Q

what form the neural tube in the pituitary gland?

A

envagination of the floor of the 3rd ventricle

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24
Q

what then happens to the neural tube?

A

develops an envagination of the oral ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch) forming the anterior lobe

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25
Q

what happens to Rathke’s pouch?

A

pinches off and wraps around the neural stalk to form the anterior lobe

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26
Q

what do magnocellular neurones do?

A

project down into posterior pituitary and store hormones in axon terminals until stimulated for release into blood

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27
Q

What is ADH?

A

involved in osmoregulation

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28
Q

what is Oxytocin?

A

released by pituitary involved in uterine contraction during labour and milk release during lactation

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29
Q

how many hormones released from anterior pituitary?

A

5

30
Q

what are the five hormones released by anterior pituitary?

A 
TSH - stimulates thyroid
ACTH - acts on adrenal cortex
FSH/LH - testes/ovaries
Growth Hormone - entire body 
Prolactin
31
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

32
Q

what is the structure of oxytocin and vasopressin?

A

peptide hormones (small)

33
Q

when is vasopressin released?

A

when blood volume goes down and osmolality goes up (dehydration)

34
Q

what does loss of water and high salt conc do?

A

stimulates osmoreceptors in hypothalamus to signal magnocellular neurones in hypothalamus to release vasopressin

35
Q

what does vasopressin do?

A

leads to vasoconstriction increasing BP and increases water retention in kidney

36
Q

what is function of oxytocin in labour?

A

stretches cervix leading to oxytocin release resulting in increased contractions of cervix/uterine leading to further release = positive feedback mechanism

37
Q

what do sensory receptors in the nipples do?

A

stimulate release of oxytocin when mechanically stimulated so myoepithelial cells contract and lactation occurs

38
Q

what are three categories of histological cells

A

chromophobes, acidophils, basophils

39
Q

what are TSH secreting cells?

A

Thyrotrophs

40
Q

what are ACTH secreting cells?

A

Corticotrophs

41
Q

what are LH/FSH secreting cells?

A

Gonadotrophs

42
Q

What are GH secreting cells?

A

Somatotrophs

43
Q

what are prolactin secreting cells?

A

Lactotrophs

44
Q

what stimulates release of ACTH from anterior pituitary?

A

CRH

45
Q

what stimulates release of TSH from anterior pituitary?

A

TRH, inhibited by somatostatin

46
Q

what stimulates release of LH/FSH from anterior pituitary?

A

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

47
Q

what stimulates release of prolactin from anterior pituitary?

A

inhibited by dopamine

48
Q

what stimulates release of GH from anterior pituitary?

A

GHRH and inhibited by GHIH

49
Q

what are primary problems?

A

issues with effector organ

50
Q

what are secondary problems?

A

issues with pituitary itself

51
Q

what are tertiary problems?

A

issues with hypothalamus

52
Q

High TSH and low T3/T4

A

= primary hypothyroidism

53
Q

Low TSH and high T3/T4

A

= primary hyperthyroidism

54
Q

Low TSH and low T3/T4

A

= secondary hypothyroidism

55
Q

what is the feedback loop by GH?

A

short. long feedback is indirectly by insulin like growth factor secreted by liver in response to GH

56
Q

what is the somatotrope?

A

cell type in the pituitary that synthesises and releases growth hormone under influence of GHRH and somatostatin from the hypothalamus

57
Q

explain short feedback loop of GH

A

GH released into portal veins circualtes around the body and when it re-circulates it acts on hypothalamus to decrease GHRH release and on pituitary to decrease GH release in order to reduce GH levels

58
Q

what does growth hormone do to promote growth?

A
  • increases gluconeogenesis in liver
  • increases protein synthesis in muscle
  • mobilises stored fats in adipose tissue for energy usage
59
Q

what do insulin-like growth factors do? (IGFs)

A

synthesised by liver in response to GH. somatic cell growth, increasing chondrocyte function and bone modeling/remodelling

60
Q

what feedback loop does IGF enter?

A

negative

61
Q

factors stimulating GH secretion

A

GHRH, Ghrelin, Hypoglycaemia, Decreased Fatty Acids, Starvation, Exercise, Stress

62
Q

factors inhibiting GH secretion

A

somatostatin,
GH,
Hyperglycaemia,
Increased fatty acids, IGFs

63
Q

what is the action of growth hormone?

A
  • stimulates production of IGF-1 in the liver
  • increases lipolysis = more FFA
  • increases gluconeogenesis = more blood sugar
  • increases amino acid uptake into muscle
  • stimulates chondrocytes = linear growth
  • stimulates somatic growth = increased organ/tissue size
64
Q

what type of control means GH peaks in early hours?

A

circadian

65
Q

how does conc of GH change throughout life?

A

low at birth, increases and is stable in childhood, surges in puberty then decreases and stabilises

66
Q

what is acromegaly?

A

excess growth hormone

67
Q

why does acromegaly occur?

A

pituitary adenoma where there is increase in the GH-secreting somatotrophs

68
Q

how does acromegaly affect feedback loop?

A

still negative and working but at much higher resting level so there is a rise in circulating GH

69
Q

secondary cause of acromegaly?

A

tumour secreting GHRH

70
Q

how are pituitary adenomas classified?

A

microadenoma <1 cm

macroadrenoma > 1cm

71
Q

when are microadenomas present?

A

with symptoms of hormonal excess

72
Q

when are macroadenomas present?

A

with the pituitary gland being so close to the optic chiasm, large growth can push things apart leading to visual loss, sellar enlargment, suprasellar damage and hypopituitarism

Endo: Sem 2 (11 decks)

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