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CEP > Thyroid Gland > Flashcards

Thyroid Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the shape of the thyroid gland.

A

Right and left lobes connected by a narrow isthmus.

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2
Q

What do c-cells secrete?

A

Calcitonin.

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3
Q

Which hormone is released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the pituitary to release TSH?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH).

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4
Q

What is the function of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4.

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5
Q

Which cells produce T3 and T4?

A

Follicular cells.

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6
Q

What is the precursor to T3 and T4?

A

Thyroglobulin.

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7
Q

What enzyme binds iodine to tyrosine in thyroglobulin molecules? What are the products?

A

Thyroperoxidase.

Iodotyrosyl residues (MIT and DIT)

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8
Q

How do iodide ions enter the follicular cells?

A

Through the Na/I symporter (NIS).

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9
Q

Where is thyroperoxidase found?

A

On the apical membrane of the follicular cells.

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10
Q

Where are thyroid stimulating hormone receptors found?

A

On the basolateral membrane of the follicular cells.

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11
Q

Which enzyme couples iodotyrosyl residues?

A

Thyroperoxidase.

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12
Q

Where is mature thyroglobulin stored?

A

In the colloid.

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13
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for the mono-deiodination of T4 to T3?

A

Deiodinase (D1, D2 and D3).

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14
Q

Where is deiodinase found?

A

In most peripheral tissues.

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15
Q

List 3 plasma proteins that T3 and T4 bind to in the blood.

A

1 - TBG.

2 - Transthyretin.

3 - Albumin.

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16
Q

What are the 3 tests for thyroid function?

A

1 - Serum TSH.

2 - Serum free T4.

3 - Serum free T3.

17
Q

What is goitre?

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland.

18
Q

List 6 possible causes of hyperthyroidism.

A

1 - Grave’s hyperthyroidism.

2 - Toxic nodular goitre.

3 - Thyroiditis (inflammation).

4 - Exogenous iodine.

5 - TSH secreting pituitary adenoma.

6 - Neonatal hyperthyroidism.

19
Q

What is hyperthyroidism characterised by? What about hypothyroidism?

A
  • *Increased serum free T4.
  • *Increased serum T3.
  • Decreased serum TSH.
  • Hypothyoridism is the opposite.
20
Q

List 4 cardiovascular symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

A

1 - Tachycardia.

2 - Atrial fibrillations.

3 - Shortness of breath.

4 - Ankle swelling.

21
Q

List 3 gastrointestinal symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

A

1 - Weight loss.

2 - Diarrhoea.

3 - Increased appetite.

22
Q

List 3 neurological symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

A

1 - Tremor.

2 - Myopathy.

3 - Anxiety.

23
Q

List 5 symptoms of hyperthyroidism relating to the eyes and skin.

A

1 - Sore, gritty eyes.

2 - Double vision.

3 - Staring eyes.

4 - Itching (pruritis).

5 - Conjunctival oedema.

24
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A
  • An autoimmune disorder characterised by pathogenetic TSH-R antibodies that stimulate TSH receptors on thyroid follicular cells.
  • Accounts for 70% of cases of hyperthyroidism.
25
Q

List 5 environmental factors that can contribute to Grave’s disease.

A

1 - Gender.

2 - Stress.

3 - Infection.

4 - Pregnancy.

5 - Drugs.

26
Q

What is proptosis?

A

Bulging of the eyes.

27
Q

What is opthalmoplegia?

A

Paralysis of the muscles surrounding the eyes.

28
Q

List 3 symptoms of thyroid eye disease.

A

1 - Lid retraction.

2 - Proptosis.

3 - Opthalmoplegia.

29
Q

How does neonatal hyperthyroidism develop?

A

TSH-R antibodies cross the placenta.

30
Q

Other than measuring TSH, T4 and T3, give an example of how hyperthyroidism can be diagnosed.

A

PET scan

- Uptake of radioactive iodine.

31
Q

List 3 treatment options of hyperthyroidism.

A

1 - Antithyroid drugs such as carbimazole or propylthioracil to block hormone synthesis.

2 - Surgical removal of thyroid.

3 - Radioiodine therapy.

32
Q

How does propylthiouracil block thyroid hormone synthesis?

A

By inhibiting thyroperoxidase.

33
Q

List 5 causes of hypothyroidism.

A

1 - Autoimmune - Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (TPO and Tg antibodies).

2 - Treatment for hyperthyroidism (iatrogenic).

3 - Thyroiditis.

4 - Iodine deficiency.

5 - Congenital - enzyme defects or thyroid agenesis (does not develop as an embryo).

34
Q

What is cretinism?

A

Congenital hypothyroidism.

35
Q

List 3 cardiovascular symptoms of hypothyroidism.

A

1 - Bradycardia.

2 - Heart failure.

3 - Pericardial effusion.

36
Q

List 2 gastrointestinal symptoms of hypothyroidism.

A

1 - Weight gain.

2 - Constipation.

37
Q

List 3 symptoms of hypothyroidism that relate to the skin.

A

1 - Myxoedema (swelling of the skin).

2 - Erythema (redness of the skin).

3 - Vitiligo (loss of skin pigmentation).

38
Q

List 3 neurological symptoms of hypothyroidism.

A

1 - Depression.

2 - Psychosis.

3 - Carpal tunnel syndrome.

39
Q

How is hypothyroidism treated?

A

Hormone replacement therapy using levothyroxine.

CEP (15 decks)

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