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Endocrinology Exam Two > Thyroid Clinical Aspects > Flashcards

Thyroid Clinical Aspects Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common symptom of hypothyroidism?

A

Bradycardia

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2
Q

What is the most common symptom of hyperthyroidism?

A

Tachycardia

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3
Q

What four things are tested in thyroid functional tests?

A

T4, T3, FT3, FT4

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4
Q

What is the most powerful thyroxine releaser and most important in measuring levels of thyroxine?

A

TSH

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5
Q

Which substances tested for in thyroid functional tests are able to bind directly in the blood?

A

FT4 and FT3

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6
Q

What hormone secreted by the pituitary gland stimulates the production of T3 and T4?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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7
Q

TSH production is influenced by what hormones?

A

Thyroid hormones

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8
Q

An increase in thyroid hormones has what effect on TSH production?

A

Inhibition

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9
Q

Increased levels of TSH can be indicative of what thyroid disorder?

A

Hypothyroidism

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10
Q

If there is too little TSH in the system, what thyroid disorder could be present?

A

Hyperthyroidism

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11
Q

Raised thyroid antibody concentration in the blood can indicate what hormonal conditions?

A

Hashimoto’s or Grave’s

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12
Q

Low levels of thyroid antibodies can be indicative of what conditions?

A

Inflammation, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis

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13
Q

An increase or decrease in thyroxine can lead to what condition?

A

Toxic goiter

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14
Q

What is goiter?

A

Enlarged thyroid due to hormonal imbalance

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15
Q

What characteristics can be indicative of goiter?

A

Decreased iodine, too much or too little thyroid production

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16
Q

Issues with what areas of the brain could be causes of goiter?

A

Anterior pituitary or hypothalamus (tumor on the thyroid, as well)

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17
Q

Cretinism and myxedema are seem along side what type of thyroid disorder?

A

Hypothyroidism

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18
Q

At what age can cretinism occur?

A

Prior to birth or during the first two years

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19
Q

When is myxedema present?

A

After first two years of hypothyroidism

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20
Q

What kind of disease is chronic-Hashimoto’s thyroditis?

A

Autoimmune

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21
Q

Which thyroid disorder characteristically has wildly varying levels of thyroxine?

A

Chronic-Hashimoto’s thyroditis

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22
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of Grave’s disease?

A 
Increased thyroxine 
Decreased TSH 
Pretibial myxedema 
Exopthalmosis
Eyelid lag/drooping of eyelid
Diffuse toxic goiter
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23
Q

What are the two forms of toxic goiter?

A

Diffuse (evenly distributed) nodular (unevenly distributed)

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24
Q

What type of disease is Grave’s disease?

A

Autoimmune

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25
Q

What is the term used for a thyroid crisis when there is too much thyroxine in the system?

A

Thyroid storm

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26
Q

What procedure is used to analyze enlargement of the thyroid?

A

Ultrasound

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27
Q

What procedure is used to test for cancer of the thyroid gland?

A

Needle aspiration

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28
Q

What is the radioactive detector used to detect metabolism of the thyroid?

A

Scintigrapher

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29
Q

What is the second most common endocrine disorder?

A

Thyroid disorder

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30
Q

What gender is more likely to develop thyroid issues?

A

Females (autoimmune factor)

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31
Q

At what age can thyroid issues occur?

A

At any age

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32
Q

What is Hashimoto’s disease?

A

Autoimmune inflammatory attack on the thyroid tissue

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33
Q

Blood tests measuring what substance are used to diagnosis Hashimoto’s disease?

A

Measuring antibodies against thyroglobulin and thryoid peroxidase

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34
Q

What condition can arise following Hashimoto’s disease due to the thyroid’s eventual inability to produce enough thyroxine?

A

Hypothyroidism

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35
Q

What is the usual age and gender range of Hashimoto’s disease?

A

Females 30-50 years old

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36
Q

What is the female to male ratio for Hashimoto’s disease?

37
Q

What is the frequency of Hashimoto’s disease?

38
Q

How can Hashimoto’s affect hair?

A

Becomes dry and coarse

39
Q

How can Hashimoto’s affect the GI tract?

A

Slows it down (constipation)

40
Q

How can Hashimoto’s affect the muscular system?

A

Muscle cramps/spasms, vague aches

41
Q

How does Hashimoto’s disease affect cholesterol levels?

42
Q

Where can swelling and puffiness be seen in patients with Hashimoto’s disease?

A

Swelling in legs, puffiness around eyes

43
Q

What are some of the general symptoms for Hashimoto’s disease?

A

Fatigue, depression, weight gain, cold intolerance, excessive sleepiness

44
Q

In advanced stages, how can Hashimoto’s disease affect heart rate?

A

Decreases it

45
Q

In advanced stages, how can Hashimoto’s disease affect body temperature?

A

Decreases it

46
Q

Failure of what organ can arise in advanced stages of Hashimoto’s disease?

47
Q

What two other autoimmune conditions can be associated with Hashimoto’s disease?

A

Diabetes and celiac disease

48
Q

How is Hashimoto’s disease treated?

A

Thyroid hormone replacement

49
Q

How can hypothyroidism affect the skin?

A

Dry appearance

50
Q

What other clinical condition presents similar symptoms to Hashimoto’s disease?

A

Hypothyroidism

51
Q

What signs of hypothryoidism can be seen in infants?

A

Choking, protruding tongue, puffy face, poor growth, delay of permanent teeth and/or puberty, poor mental development

52
Q

What age range and gender are risks for hypothyroidism?

A

Women over the age of 60

53
Q

What are risks for hypothyroidism?

A

Autoimmune disease, radioactive iodine treatment, upper body radiation, partial thyroidectomy, pregnancy and delivery of baby in past 6 months

54
Q

What is the condition that develops with hypothyroidism where the thyroid becomes enlarged?

55
Q

Why do heart problems arise with hypothyroidism?

A

High levels of low-density lipoproteins

56
Q

What kinds of mental health issues can arise with hypothyroidism?

A

Slowed mental functioning, depression

57
Q

What are some of the peripheral neuropathies involved with hypothyroidism?

A

Damage to peripheral nerves, pain, numbness and tingling, muscle weakness

58
Q

What signs and symptoms can result from myxedema seen in severe cases of hypothyroidism?

A

Intense cold intolerance, drowsiness, unconsciousness

59
Q

How can hypothyroidism affect fertility?

A

Interferes with ovulation leading to possible infertility

60
Q

How can a mother’s hypothyroidism have an effect on a fetus?

A

Increased birth defects, intellectual and developmental problems

61
Q

How is vision affected by hyperthyroidism?

A

Bulging eyes, red or swollen inflamed eyes, sensitivity to light, blurred or double vision

62
Q

How can hyperthyroidism affect the heart?

A

Rapid heart rate, atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure

63
Q

How can hyperthyroidism affect bones?

A

Osteoporosis, decrease of calcium in bones (osteoclasts activity in adults)

64
Q

What kinds of signs and symptoms occur in a thyrotoxic crisis?

A

Intensification of symptoms, fever, rapid pulse, delirium

65
Q

Red and swollen skin is seen among which thyroid condition?

A

Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s dermopathy)

66
Q

What is the treatment for hyperthyroidism?

A

Radioactive iodine (destroys part of the thyroid), surgery, antithyroid medications for mild cases

67
Q

What is the most common disease of hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s disease

68
Q

What is a thyroid storm?

A

Too much thyroid hormone in the body (medical emergency) leading to multiple organ dysfunction

69
Q

What condition can be a trigger for a thyroid storm?

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

70
Q

When is thyroid storm more common and among what gender?

A

Females in their third through sixth decades of life

71
Q

What kinds of people and situations are associated with a greater risk for a thyroid storm?

A

Stressful events, untreated Grave’s disease, people with serious health problems

72
Q

What are symptoms of thyroid storm?

A

Feeling confused or sleepy, yellowing of the skin, breathing problems, coma/heart failure or death

73
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A

Condition where the immune system makes antibodies that act like TSH and therefore makes more TSH than the body needs

74
Q

What can cause Grave’s disease?

A

Genes, sex hormones, emotional stress or trauma, pregnancy, infection

75
Q

What other autoimmune diseases are associated with Grave’s disease?

A

Vitiligo, rheumatoid arthritis, Addison’s, Type I diabetes, pernicious anemia, lupus

76
Q

What is the term for congenital hypothyroidism?

77
Q

What is a condition of deficiency of iodine at birth?

A

Endemic cretinism

78
Q

What are symptoms of cretinism?

A

Choking episodes, large anterior fontanelle, protruding tongue and abdomen (also, puffy face, dry and brittle hair, decreased activity, constipation, jaundice, hoarseness, hypotonia, poor coordination, poor feeding, low hairline, short stature)

79
Q

What is a common location for myxedema seen in cases of Grave’s disease?

A

Pretibial swelling

80
Q

What is the adult counterpart of cretinism?

81
Q

What kinds of foods can help the thyroid gland?

A

Iodine rich: kelp, seaweed, potatoes, shrimp, cod, eggs

82
Q

What kind of disorders constitute one of the major endocrine problems in pregnancy?

A

Thyroid disorders

83
Q

What serious issues can result as maternal outcomes from thyroid conditions?

A

Abortion, preeclampsia, preterm labor, placental abruption, hemorrhage

84
Q

What are signs and symptoms of preeclampsia?

A

Sudden onset of increased blood pressure, persistent headache, edema, protein in the urine, blurred vision, nausea, upper abdominal pain, changes in vision

85
Q

What are fetal complications resulting from thyroid issues?

A

Low birth weight, APGAR score

86
Q

What method is used to assess a newborn’s health immediately after birth?

87
Q

What are the five criteria of the APGAR test?

A 
Apperance-skin color
Pulse-heart rate
Grimace-reflex irritability
Activity-muscle tone
Respiration
88
Q

What APGAR score is considered generally normal? Fairly low? Critically low?

A

7-10 Generally normal
4-6 Fairly low
3 and below are considered critically low

89
Q

Preeclampsia is most commonly seen in mothers with what condition?

A

Thyroid disorders

Endocrinology Exam Two (4 decks)

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