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Endocrinology Exam Two > Chapter 5 - Oxytocin & ADH > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Oxytocin & ADH Flashcards

1
Q

What are another names for antidiuretic hormone?

A

Vasopressin, argipressin, arginine vasopressin

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2
Q

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are released from where?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

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3
Q

What is another term for the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Neurohypophysis

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4
Q

What is the function of the neurohypophysis?

A

Store and secrete neurohormones in response to nerve signals from the brain

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5
Q

The posterior pituitary gland is an extension of what brain feature?

A

Hypothalamus

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6
Q

Where is oxytocin produced?

A

Supraoptic nucleus

Paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

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7
Q

Where is oxytocin stored?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

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8
Q

What is the target cell for vasopressin?

A

Kidney tubules

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9
Q

What is the target cell for oxytocin?

A

Mammary glands, uterine muscles

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10
Q

What are the primary functions of oxytocin?

A

Stimulate milk release, stimulate parturition, stimulate uterine shrinkage after birth

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11
Q

How does oxytocin directly stimulate milk release?

A

By stimulating the myoepithelial cells in mammary glands

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12
Q

What hormone functions in stimulating milk production in lobular and alveolar ducts?

A

Luteotropic hormone (prolactin)

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13
Q

What are the secondary functions of oxytocin?

A 
Increase renal reabsorption of water
Increase immune response
Stimulate vasoconstriction (therefore increased blood pressure)
Increase digestion
Decrease memory
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14
Q

In what specific part of the uterus does oxytocin stimulate smooth muscle contraction?

A

Myometrium

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15
Q

What is the Ferguson reflex?

A

Reflex from uterus to higher brain centers back down to stimulate uterine contractions

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16
Q

What controls the secretion of oxytocin?

A

Neurological impulses

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17
Q

The “urge to push” is associated with what neurological impulse?

A

Baby pressing on the Ferguson Plexus of nerves

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18
Q

Current research is suggesting that oxytocin could play a therapeutic role in what common child disorder and in what way?

A

Autism (could lead to improved social functioning)

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19
Q

In what ways can oxytocin act as more than just a “love” hormone?

A

Improve workplace bonding, reduce stress and anxiety

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20
Q

What is the negative social aspect that some studies have revealed about oxytocin?

A

Could cause people to shun others leading to group favoritism and prejudice

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21
Q

Oxytocin appears to inhibit the appetite for what kinds of food?

A

Sugar and carbohydrates

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22
Q

What is the function of agouti-related protein neurons?

A

Stimulate food intake (enhance appetite)

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23
Q

What effect do agouti-related protein neurons have on oxytocin?

A

Inhibits the paraventricular-oxytocin neurons

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24
Q

In what condition do patients have a reduction in the oxytocin receptor gene?

A

Prader-Willi syndrome

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25
Q

What happened to animals in a study when they were engineered to have the oxytocin receptor knocked out?

A

They consumed large amounts of sweet foods

26
Q

Oxytocin is implicated in the modulation of reward which can be associated with what disorder?

A

Bulimia nervosa

27
Q

What are the functions of the amygdala?

A

Face perception and emotion processing

28
Q

Oxytocin actively works with what part of the limbic system?

A

Amygdala

29
Q

Oxytocin has a profound effect on what kind of behavior?

A

Social

30
Q

Epigenetic modification of the oxytocin receptor gene can lead to what social effect?

A

Influence on the perception of anger and fear in the human brain

31
Q

Through what ways can oxytocin promote social and affiliative behaviors?

A

Reduced threat reactivity

Increased sensitivity to social salience

32
Q

Where is ADH synthesized?

A

Supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus

33
Q

What is the primary function of vasopressin?

A

Regulate body’s retention of water

34
Q

What are the secondary functions of ADH?

A

Increase blood pressure through vasoconstriction
Increase the immune system
Increase STH, ACTH, and prostaglandin secretions
Increase metabolism

35
Q

How is antidiuretic hormone secretion regulated?

A

Neurological impulse down the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract (HHT)

36
Q

What physiological aspects are maintained by antidiuretic hormone?

A

Blood pressure and blood volume

37
Q

How does the body obtain water?

A

Absorbing it from the digestive tract

38
Q

Maintenance of water balance by ADH is linked to the balance of what substances?

A

Sodium and potassium

39
Q

What effect does increase in sodium in the bloodstream have on antidiuretic hormone?

A

Thirst will develop, ADH will increase and cause kidneys to decrease urine output

40
Q

Recent research has shown that vasopressin antagonism may be a potential use for what neurological condition?

A

Patients after acute stroke to limit cerebral edema

41
Q

What is central diabetes insipidus?

A

Decreased output of ADH —> excessive urine output (polyuria) —> excessive thirst

42
Q

What can cause central diabetes insipidus?

A

Insufficient release of ADH by the hypothalamus or by the pituitary gland into the bloodstream (other: surgery, trauma, aneurism)

43
Q

What hormone is increased as a result of compensation for decreased ADH during central diabetes insipidus?

A

Increased aldosterone

44
Q

Why do we see increased aldosterone in central diabetes insipidus?

A

Blood pressure drops and body tries to restore it to normal

45
Q

What kind of specific receptors in the hypothalamus trigger the release of ADH?

A

Osmoreceptors

46
Q

What are the physical characteristics of central diabetes insipidus?

A

Polyuria, dilute urine, hypotension, increased plasma concentration

47
Q

Why do we see dilute urine in patients with central diabetes insipidus?

A

Excess urine output means overall decreased urine concentration

48
Q

Why do we see hypotension in patients with central diabetes insipidus?

A

Due to decreased plasma volume

49
Q

What compensation for central diabetes insipidus can attempt to bring blood pressure back to normal?

A

Increased aldosterone
Increased renal reabsorption of sodium (conservation)
Excretion of hydrogen and potassium ions

50
Q

Where is aldosterone produced?

A

Adrenal cortex

51
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

Act on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney to increase reabsorption of water and electrolytes and also increase blood volume and blood pressure

52
Q

What causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

Decreased sensitivity to ADH and increased secretion of ADH

53
Q

What are the physical characteristics of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

Polyuria, dilute urine (decreased urine concentration), hypotension (decreased plasma volume), increased plasma concentration

54
Q

What is the difference between central diabetes insipidus and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

Central diabetes insipidus = decreased output of ADH

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus = increased output of ADH but kidneys fail to respond to it (insensitivity)

55
Q

What is the result of the ADH insensitivity of the kidneys in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

Inability to concentrate urine

56
Q

What can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

Drugs (lithium), hereditary (carried on the X chromosome)

57
Q

High levels of what substance can block the action of ADH?

A

Calcium

58
Q

Low levels of what substance can block the action of ADH?

A

Potassium

59
Q

What other conditions are other factors to consider with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

Polycystic kidneys, spongy kidneys, sickle cell anemia

60
Q

What condition is characterized by large amounts of ADH release leading to difficulty ridding the body of excess water?

A

Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

61
Q

What is hyponatremia, and what condition is it seen with?

A

Abnormally low levels of sodium; inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

62
Q

What conditions can result in fluid overload in patients?

A

Strokes, head trauma, brain tumors (cerebral edema)

Endocrinology Exam Two (4 decks)

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