Chapter 5 - Oxytocin & ADH

Question 1

What are another names for antidiuretic hormone?

Answer 1

Vasopressin, argipressin, arginine vasopressin

Question 2

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are released from where?

Answer 2

Posterior pituitary gland

Question 3

What is another term for the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 3

Neurohypophysis

Question 4

What is the function of the neurohypophysis?

Answer 4

Store and secrete neurohormones in response to nerve signals from the brain

Question 5

The posterior pituitary gland is an extension of what brain feature?

Answer 5

Hypothalamus

Question 6

Where is oxytocin produced?

Answer 6

Supraoptic nucleus

Paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

Question 7

Where is oxytocin stored?

Answer 7

Posterior pituitary gland

Question 8

What is the target cell for vasopressin?

Answer 8

Kidney tubules

Question 9

What is the target cell for oxytocin?

Answer 9

Mammary glands, uterine muscles

Question 10

What are the primary functions of oxytocin?

Answer 10

Stimulate milk release, stimulate parturition, stimulate uterine shrinkage after birth

Question 11

How does oxytocin directly stimulate milk release?

Answer 11

By stimulating the myoepithelial cells in mammary glands

Question 12

What hormone functions in stimulating milk production in lobular and alveolar ducts?

Answer 12

Luteotropic hormone (prolactin)

Question 13

What are the secondary functions of oxytocin?

Answer 13

Increase renal reabsorption of water
Increase immune response
Stimulate vasoconstriction (therefore increased blood pressure)
Increase digestion
Decrease memory

Question 14

In what specific part of the uterus does oxytocin stimulate smooth muscle contraction?

Answer 14

Myometrium

Question 15

What is the Ferguson reflex?

Answer 15

Reflex from uterus to higher brain centers back down to stimulate uterine contractions

Question 16

What controls the secretion of oxytocin?

Answer 16

Neurological impulses

Question 17

The “urge to push” is associated with what neurological impulse?

Answer 17

Baby pressing on the Ferguson Plexus of nerves

Question 18

Current research is suggesting that oxytocin could play a therapeutic role in what common child disorder and in what way?

Answer 18

Autism (could lead to improved social functioning)

Question 19

In what ways can oxytocin act as more than just a “love” hormone?

Answer 19

Improve workplace bonding, reduce stress and anxiety

Question 20

What is the negative social aspect that some studies have revealed about oxytocin?

Answer 20

Could cause people to shun others leading to group favoritism and prejudice

Question 21

Oxytocin appears to inhibit the appetite for what kinds of food?

Answer 21

Sugar and carbohydrates

Question 22

What is the function of agouti-related protein neurons?

Answer 22

Stimulate food intake (enhance appetite)

Question 23

What effect do agouti-related protein neurons have on oxytocin?

Answer 23

Inhibits the paraventricular-oxytocin neurons

Question 24

In what condition do patients have a reduction in the oxytocin receptor gene?

Answer 24

Prader-Willi syndrome

Question 25

What happened to animals in a study when they were engineered to have the oxytocin receptor knocked out?

Answer 25

They consumed large amounts of sweet foods

Question 26

Oxytocin is implicated in the modulation of reward which can be associated with what disorder?

Answer 26

Bulimia nervosa

Question 27

What are the functions of the amygdala?

Answer 27

Face perception and emotion processing

Question 28

Oxytocin actively works with what part of the limbic system?

Answer 28

Amygdala

Question 29

Oxytocin has a profound effect on what kind of behavior?

Answer 29

Social

Question 30

Epigenetic modification of the oxytocin receptor gene can lead to what social effect?

Answer 30

Influence on the perception of anger and fear in the human brain

Question 31

Through what ways can oxytocin promote social and affiliative behaviors?

Answer 31

Reduced threat reactivity | Increased sensitivity to social salience

Question 32

Where is ADH synthesized?

Answer 32

Supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus

Question 33

What is the primary function of vasopressin?

Answer 33

Regulate body's retention of water

Question 34

What are the secondary functions of ADH?

Answer 34

Increase blood pressure through vasoconstriction Increase the immune system Increase STH, ACTH, and prostaglandin secretions Increase metabolism

Question 35

How is antidiuretic hormone secretion regulated?

Answer 35

Neurological impulse down the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract (HHT)

Question 36

What physiological aspects are maintained by antidiuretic hormone?

Answer 36

Blood pressure and blood volume

Question 37

How does the body obtain water?

Answer 37

Absorbing it from the digestive tract

Question 38

Maintenance of water balance by ADH is linked to the balance of what substances?

Answer 38

Sodium and potassium

Question 39

What effect does increase in sodium in the bloodstream have on antidiuretic hormone?

Answer 39

Thirst will develop, ADH will increase and cause kidneys to decrease urine output

Question 40

Recent research has shown that vasopressin antagonism may be a potential use for what neurological condition?

Answer 40

Patients after acute stroke to limit cerebral edema

Question 41

What is central diabetes insipidus?

Answer 41

Decreased output of ADH ---> excessive urine output (polyuria) ---> excessive thirst

Question 42

What can cause central diabetes insipidus?

Answer 42

Insufficient release of ADH by the hypothalamus or by the pituitary gland into the bloodstream (other: surgery, trauma, aneurism)

Question 43

What hormone is increased as a result of compensation for decreased ADH during central diabetes insipidus?

Answer 43

Increased aldosterone

Question 44

Why do we see increased aldosterone in central diabetes insipidus?

Answer 44

Blood pressure drops and body tries to restore it to normal

Question 45

What kind of specific receptors in the hypothalamus trigger the release of ADH?

Answer 45

Osmoreceptors

Question 46

What are the physical characteristics of central diabetes insipidus?

Answer 46

Polyuria, dilute urine, hypotension, increased plasma concentration

Question 47

Why do we see dilute urine in patients with central diabetes insipidus?

Answer 47

Excess urine output means overall decreased urine concentration

Question 48

Why do we see hypotension in patients with central diabetes insipidus?

Answer 48

Due to decreased plasma volume

Question 49

What compensation for central diabetes insipidus can attempt to bring blood pressure back to normal?

Answer 49

Increased aldosterone Increased renal reabsorption of sodium (conservation) Excretion of hydrogen and potassium ions

Question 50

Where is aldosterone produced?

Answer 50

Adrenal cortex

Question 51

What is the function of aldosterone?

Answer 51

Act on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney to increase reabsorption of water and electrolytes and also increase blood volume and blood pressure

Question 52

What causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Answer 52

Decreased sensitivity to ADH and increased secretion of ADH

Question 53

What are the physical characteristics of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Answer 53

Polyuria, dilute urine (decreased urine concentration), hypotension (decreased plasma volume), increased plasma concentration

Question 54

What is the difference between central diabetes insipidus and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Answer 54

Central diabetes insipidus = decreased output of ADH | Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus = increased output of ADH but kidneys fail to respond to it (insensitivity)

Question 55

What is the result of the ADH insensitivity of the kidneys in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Answer 55

Inability to concentrate urine

Question 56

What can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Answer 56

Drugs (lithium), hereditary (carried on the X chromosome)

Question 57

High levels of what substance can block the action of ADH?

Answer 57

Calcium

Question 58

Low levels of what substance can block the action of ADH?

Answer 58

Potassium

Question 59

What other conditions are other factors to consider with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Answer 59

Polycystic kidneys, spongy kidneys, sickle cell anemia

Question 60

What condition is characterized by large amounts of ADH release leading to difficulty ridding the body of excess water?

Answer 60

Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

Question 61

What is hyponatremia, and what condition is it seen with?

Answer 61

Abnormally low levels of sodium; inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

Question 62

What conditions can result in fluid overload in patients?

Answer 62

Strokes, head trauma, brain tumors (cerebral edema)