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Endocrinology > Thyroid and Parathyroid > Flashcards

Thyroid and Parathyroid Flashcards

1
Q

Between which levels can the thyroid be found?

A

C5 and T1

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2
Q

Thyroid helps control of m_________ and regulation of g_____ and has multiple roles in development

A

metabolism and regulation of growth

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3
Q

Thyroid gland produces 2 iodine containing molecules - t________ (T4) and triiodothronine (T3)

A

thyroxine

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4
Q

1) ___ binds to TSHR

A

TSH

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5
Q

2) _- uptake by NIS

A

I

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6
Q

3) i__________ of Tg tyrosyl residues by TPO (thyroperoxidase)

A

Iodination

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7
Q

4) Coupling of iodotyrosol residues by TPO

A
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8
Q

5) Export of mature Tg to colloid where it is stored

A
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9
Q

T3 is produced by mono-deodination of __

A

T4

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10
Q

Thyroid is produced by f_________ thyroid cells

A

follicular

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11
Q

The precursor of thyroid is…

A

thyroglobulin

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12
Q

Iodine is absorbed from the ____________ and concentrated in follicles

A

bloodstream

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13
Q

Thyroperoxidase binds i_____ to tyrosine residue in thyroglobulin molecules to form MIT + DIT

A

iodine

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14
Q

MIT + DIT =

A

T3

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15
Q

DIT + DIT =

A

T4

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16
Q

In hyperthyroidism there is ___ serum TSH, ____ serium free T4 and ____ serum free T3

A

low, high, high

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17
Q

In hypothyroidism, there is ____ serum TSH, ___ serum free T4, ___ serum free T3

A

high, low, low

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18
Q

What proteins can bind to T4 and T3?

A

TBG (thyroxine binding globulin), transthyretin, albumin

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19
Q

What is a common condition causing hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves’ disease

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20
Q

What are signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

Tachycardia, Atrial fibrillation, shortness of breath, ankle swelling

Weight loss, BMR increases, diarrhoea, increased appetite

Tremor, anxiety, sweating, myopathy

Sore and gritty eyes, double vision, staring eyes, pruritus (itching)

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21
Q

Hypothyroidism can be due to the e_____ for making thyroxine being attacked

A

enzyme

22
Q

Symptoms and signs of hypothroidism

A

Bradycardia (fewer beta 1 receptors in heart), heart failure, pericardial effusion

Weight gain, constipation

Myxoedema, erythema ab igne (rash), vitiligo (pale patches)

Depression, psychosis, carpal tunnel syndrome

23
Q

What is the purpose of the parathyroid gland?

A

Maintaining serum calcium levels

24
Q

Which organ will be impaired if serum calcium drops too low?

A

Heart

25
Q

Where and how does PHT (parathyroid hormone) work?

A

Kidney (DCT - prevent losing too much Ca2+)
Increases intestinal Ca2+ absorption (via activation of vitamin D)
Increases calcium release from bone (stimulates osteoclast activity)

Decrease phosphate reabsorption

26
Q

What is calcium bound to in the serum?

A

Albumin

27
Q

What stimulates PTH secretion?

A

Hypocalcaemia

28
Q

True or false: PTH increases bone resorption

A

True

29
Q

PTH affects kidney by increasing urinary p________ and decreases urinary c_______

A

phosphate
calcium

30
Q

PTH affect intestine by __________ calcium and phosphate absorption

A

increases

31
Q

The active form of vitamin D i_______ transcription of PTH

A

inhibits

32
Q

For raised serum PTH, what could cause primary HPT?

A

Parathyroid tumour
Causes hypercalcaemia and low serum phosphate
Loss of negative feedback from hypercalcaemia

33
Q

For raised serum PTH, what could cause secondary HPT?

A

Renal disease (increased phosphate, decreased activation of vitamin D)

34
Q

For raised serum PTH, what could cause tertiary HPT?

A

Long-standing HPT leads to irreversible parathyroid hyperplasia
(usually seen when renal disease corrected eg by transplantation)

35
Q

In primary HPT there is a problem in…

A

the gland itself

36
Q

True or false: In secondary HPT there is not a problem in the gland

A

True
(Problem in kidney)

37
Q

What produces calcitonin?

A

thyroid c-cells

38
Q

The superior and inferior thyroid arteries are branches off…

A

external carotid artery

39
Q

What is arrangement of cells in the thyroid?

A

Follicular cells with central colloid and surrounding c-cell

40
Q

What inhibits the hypothalamus from secreting TRH and anterior pituitary secreting TSH?

A

T3 and T4

41
Q

What does iodine bind to within thyroglobulin molecules?

A

tyrosine residues

42
Q

What enzyme helps binding of iodine to tyrosine residues?

A

thyroperoxidase

43
Q

Hyperthyroidism causes an overactivity of the __________ system leading to increased gut motility and diarrhoea

A

sympathetic

44
Q

True of false: PTH is secreted in response to high calcium

A

False
Secreted when low calcium

45
Q

True or false: PTH is secreted in response to high phosphate?

A

True
(PTH increases urinary phosphate excretion)

46
Q

True or False: vitamin D increases calcium absorption from intestine?

A

True

47
Q

Where is calcitonin secreted from?

A

C cells of thyroid gland

48
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Reduces blood calcium by inhibiting bone resorption and increasing excretion of calcium

49
Q

The active form of vitamin D i_______ the transcription of PTH

A

inhibits

50
Q

PTH translation is inhibited by increased s____ c______

A

serum calcium

Endocrinology (4 decks)

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