Thyroid and Adrenal Gland Disorders

Question 1

When circulating levels of T3 and T4 have dropped, what does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 1

signals the pituitary gland via TRH, which sends TSH to thyroid to trigger the release of thyroid hormones T4 and T3

Question 2

What is the name for hyperthyroidism

Answer 2

Grave’s Disease - excessive elevation of body metabolism

Question 3

what are the s/s of grave’s disease?

Answer 3

nervousness, fatigue/weakness, tachycardia, sweating, heat intolerance, diarrhea, goiter, tremor an exothalmosis

Question 4

what is a goiter

Answer 4

enlargement of the thyroid

Question 5

what is exophtalmos?

Answer 5

abnormal protrusion of the eyes

Question 6

What is a thyroid storm? s/s?

Answer 6

high fever, severe tachycardia, delirium, dehydration, extreme irritability or agitation

Question 7

what are the PT implications for hyperthyroidism?

Answer 7

exercise intolerance - extreme fatigue

Question 8

what is the medical management of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 8

propylthiouracil (PTU)

Question 9

what are the side effects for PTU

Answer 9

fever, HA, paresthesia, rash, arthralgia, and jaundice

Question 10

what is hypothyroidism?

Answer 10

deficiency of the thyroid hormone that results in a generalized slow body metabolism and decreased secretion of the thyroid hormones… TSH is increased from anterior pituitary

Question 11

what are some s/s of a slow metabolic rate

Answer 11

bradycardia, decreased GI mobility, slowing neurological function, decrease in body heat production, ELEVATED TSH levels

Question 12

what are cretinism s/s (hypothyroidism disease)

Answer 12

congenital hypothyroidism, stunted growth, and decreased intelligence

Question 13

what are adult onset causes of hypothyroidism

Answer 13

hashimoto’s thyroiditis, hypopituitarism, severe iodine deficiency, thyroid surgery, drug toxicity

Question 14

what are the s/s of hypothyroidism?

Answer 14

fatigue, constipation, weight gain, cold intolerance, goiter, weakness, paresthesia, non-pitting edeam, bradycardia with HTN

Question 15

what are PT implications for hypothyroidism?

Answer 15

exercise intolerance, weakness, apathy secondary to decreased metabolic rate —- remain alert to signs of rhabodomyolysis

Question 16

what is the name for untreated hypothyroidism?

Answer 16

myxedema

Question 17

what are s/s of myedema?

Answer 17

swelling, anemia, coma, and death

Question 18

what is the medical management of hypothyroidism?

Answer 18

thyroid hormones — watch for hyperthyroidism

Question 19

how does one control PTH secretion

Answer 19

low concentration – release of PTH – efflux of calcium from bone, decreased loss of calcium in urine, and enhanced absorption of calcium from intestion — increased concentration of calcium in blood

Question 20

what are s/s of hypoparathyroidism

Answer 20

causes hypocalcemia – paresthesia, muscle aches/cramps, twitching, fatigue/weakness, anxiety, HA, memory problems

Question 21

hyperparathyroidism can lead to (3)

Answer 21

bone damage, hypercalcemia, and kidney damage

Question 22

what are the s/s of hyperparathyroidism

Answer 22

osteoporosis, bone fracture, kidney stones, peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, and nervous system complaints

Question 23

characteristics of hyperparathyroidism

Answer 23

1. increased bone resorption
2. elevated serum calcium levels
3. depressed serum phosphate levels
4. hypercalciuria and hyperphosphaturia
5. decreased neuromuscular irritability

Question 24

characteristics of hypoparathyroidism

Answer 24

1. decreased bone resorption
2. depressed serum calcium levels
3. elevated serum phosphate levels
4. hypocalciuria and hypophosphaturia
   increased neuromuscular activity

Question 25

ACTH secreted by the pituitary has a key role in ______.

Answer 25

cortisol release from the adrenal cortex

Question 26

cortex hormone hypersecretion –

Answer 26

Cushing’s Syndrome

Question 27

what is Cushing’s Syndrome a result of?

Answer 27

hyperfunction of adrenal gland, excess of corticosteroid medication, or excess of ACTH stimulation from the pituitary

Question 28

s/s of Cushing’s Syndrome?

Answer 28

same as Cushing’s Disease

Question 29

what is the name of the disease caused by cortex hormone hyposecretion?

Answer 29

Addison’s Disease

Question 30

what is addison’s disease

Answer 30

insufficient cortisol release; secondary adrenal insufficiency as a result of suppression of ACTH by steroid therapy or secondary to opportunistic infection related to HIV

Question 31

what are s/s of Addison’s Disease?

Answer 31

changes in BP an HR, chronic diarrhea, increased skin pigmentation, paleness, weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, N/V, salt craving, slow/sluggish movement, weight loss

Question 32

Glucocorticoid deficiency causes what?

Answer 32

widespread metabolic disturbances - gluconeogenesis decreases (hypoglycemia)

Question 33

chronic adrenal insufficiency with chronic cortisol deficiency results in:

Answer 33

failure to inhibit anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH – simultaneous increase of CTH secretion

Question 34

Aldosterone promotes:

Answer 34

conservation of sodium (fluid retention) - conservation of water and excretion of potassium