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Med Surg III Exam 1 > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

what is endocrine?

A

released into circulation and finds the cell that is specific to a ligand (target organ)

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2
Q

what are the major endocrine glands?

A

hypothalamus, pituitary (anterior and posterior), thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, kidney, adrenal glands, and ovaries/testes

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3
Q

what are the 5 hormones the hypothalamus releases?

A 
TRH (thyrotropin - releasing horomone)
GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)
CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)
Somatostatin
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4
Q

where does TRH target?

A

anterior lobe of pituitary

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5
Q

what is the action of TRH

A

stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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6
Q

what does GnRH target?

A

anterior lobe of pituitary

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7
Q

what is the action of GnRH?

A

stimulates the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH)

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8
Q

what does GHRH target?

A

anterior lobe of pituitary

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9
Q

what is the action of GHRH?

A

stimulates the release of growth hormone (GH)

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10
Q

what does CRH target?

A

anterior lobe of pituitary

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11
Q

what is the action of CRH

A

stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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12
Q

what does somatostatin target?

A

anterior lobe of the pituitary

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13
Q

what is the action of somatostatin?

A

inhibits the release of GH and TSH

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14
Q

where else is somatostatin found and what is the action from that endocrine gland?

A

found in the pancreas…. regulates insulin and glucagon

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15
Q

the hypothalamus exerts ______________________________ over the anterior pituitary

A

hormonal control of the anterior pituitary through releasing and inhibiting hormones

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16
Q

what are the 6 hormones released from anterior pituitary?

A

GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and prolactin

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17
Q

what is the target of GH

A

bones, muscles, and organs

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18
Q

what is the action of GH

A

stimulate body growth by: increasing protein synthesis and fat mobilization and decreasing carbohydrate utilization

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19
Q

how does GH stimulate and control the rate of skeletal and visceral growth

A

directly influencing protein, carbs, and lipid metabolism

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20
Q

what is the target for TSH

A

thyroid

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21
Q

what is the action of TSH

A

stimultes secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

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22
Q

what is the target for ACTH?

A

adrenal cortex

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23
Q

what is the action of ACTH?

A

stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones (mineralcorticoid, glucocorticoid, and sex hormones)

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24
Q

what is the target of FSH

A

ovaries and testes

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25
Q

what is the action of FSH

A

stimulates follicle to produce estrogen and promotes maturation of sperm

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26
Q

what is the target for LH

A

testes and ovaries

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27
Q

what is the action of LH

A

stimulates ovulation, stimulates testes to secrete testosterone

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28
Q

what is the target for prolactin

A

mammary glands

29
Q

what is the action of prolactin

A

stimulates secretory activity (growth of breast tissue ans sustains milk production post partum)

30
Q

_______________________ connect the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

A

neural pathways…. hypothalamus has direct control over both the anterior and posterior portions of the pituitary

31
Q

what are the 2 hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

32
Q

what is the target for ADH

A

distal tubules of kidney

33
Q

what is the action of ADH

A

re-absorption of water (controls concentration of body fluids by alteration of the permeability of the kidney’s distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts to conserve water

34
Q

what are stimulators for ADH

A

circulatory shock, severe hemorrhage, pain, emotional stress, trauma, morphine, tranquilizers, anesthetics, and positive-pressure breathing

35
Q

what is the target for oxytocin

A

uterus and mammary glands

36
Q

what is the action of oxytocin

A

stimulates birth contractions and milk production

37
Q

what are the 3 hormones released by the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

T4/T3, thyrocalcitonin, and parathyroid hormone (PTH)

38
Q

what is the target for T4/T3

A

widespread

39
Q

what ist he action for T4/T3

A

regulate metabolism; (the rate at which we convert food and oxygen into energy) and to increased metabolic activity and protein synthesis

40
Q

what is the target for thyrocalcitonin

41
Q

what is the action of thyrocalcitonin

A

regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism

42
Q

what is the target for PTH

A

bone, kidney, intestinal tract

43
Q

what is the action for PTH

A

regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism and calcification of bone - senses calcium levels in the bloodstream… low concentration = release of PTH

44
Q

when PTH is released, what happens?

A

efflux of calcium and phosphate from bone, decreased loss of calcium and excretion of phosphate in urine, and enhanced absorption of calcium/phosphate from intestine

45
Q

what are the 3 hormones released by the pancreas?

A

insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin

46
Q

what is the target for insulin

A

widespread (beta cells)

47
Q

what is the action of insulin

A

increase utilization rate of cards, decrease lipolysis, and decrease blood glucose – facilitates glucose transport, promotes glucose storage, stimulates protein synthesis, and enhances free fatty acid uptake and storage

48
Q

what is the target for glucagon?

A

widespread (from alpha cells)

49
Q

what is the action of glucagon?

A

hyperglycemic factor – increase blood glucose via glycogenolysis….. hormone of the fasting state - releases stored glucose to raise the blood glucose level

50
Q

what is the target for somatostatin from the pancreas?

A

widespread (delta cells)

51
Q

what is the action of somatostatin from the pancreas?

A

regulate the release of insulin and glucagon

52
Q

what are the 5 hormones that are released from the adrenal gland?

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, aldosterone, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones

53
Q

what are the 2 released from the medulla of the adrenal gland?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

54
Q

what is the target for epinephrine

A

widespread

55
Q

what is the action of epinhephrine

A

increase rate and force of muscular contraction of heart, increase CO, constricts peripheral blood vessels, elevated BP, and elevates blood glucose

56
Q

what is the target for norepinephrine

A

widespread

57
Q

what is the action of norepinephrine

A

vasoconstrictio

58
Q

what is the target of aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)

A

primarily kidney

59
Q

what is the action of aldosterone

A

influences retention of fluid and electrolytes (K); regulates reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium by kidneys and is involved in the regulation of BP

60
Q

what is the target from glucocorticoids?

A

widespread

61
Q

what is the action of glucocorticoids?

A

promotes gluconeogensis, suppresses inflammation, regulates metabolism of proteins, carbs, and lipids to cause an elevation in blood glucose level

62
Q

what is glucocorticoids referred to?

A

anti-insulin diabetogenic hormones

63
Q

what is the target of sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone)

64
Q

what is the action of sex hormones

A

influence secondary sex characteristics

65
Q

what are the 3 hormones released by the ovaries/testes?

A

estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

66
Q

what is the target for estrogen and progesterone?

A

uterus, breast

67
Q

what is the action of estrogen and progesterone?

A

secondary sex characteristics; maturation and sexual function; pregnancy

68
Q

what is the target of testosterone?

A

widespread

69
Q

what is the action of testosterone?

A

secondary sex characteristics; maturation and normal sexual function

Med Surg III Exam 1 (4 decks)

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