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PMCOL 200 Final > thyroid > Flashcards

thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

what two main classes of hormones does the thyroid release?

A

T3 and T4 thyroid hormones

calcitonin

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2
Q

what kind of feedback do T3 and T4 hormones induce upon the hypothalamus and pituitary

A

negative

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3
Q

what is TRH? where is it released from?

A

thryotropin releasing hormone, hypothalamus

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4
Q

what is TSH? where is it released from?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone, anterior pituitary

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5
Q

how do thyroid hormones affect the basal metabolic rate

A

increase

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6
Q

what are thyroid hormones effect with relation to catecholamines?

A

makes body more sensitive to catecholamines

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7
Q

how does catecholamine sensitivity affect cardiac output ?

A

increase

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8
Q

what are the three powerful physiological effects of thyroid hormones?

A
  1. increased basal metabolic rate
  2. sensitivity to catecholamines
  3. important roles in growth and development
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9
Q

where in the follicle does iodination and coupling of thyroglobulin occur?

A

apical side/ follicle lumen

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10
Q

where in the follicle does processing of thryoglobulin occur ?

A

intracellular

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11
Q

where are T3 and T4 released from in the follicle?

A

basolateral side (bloodstream)

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12
Q

how does iodide get into the follicular cell from the bloodstream?

A

Na/I cotransporter

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13
Q

what kind of receptor is the thyroid hormone receptor?

A

intracellular

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14
Q

How are T3 and T4 taken up into the cell?

why must they be taken up like this?

A

need to be taken up by transporter proteins because they are not very lipid soluble

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15
Q

at rest, where can unbound thyroid hormones associate with?

what do they recruit?

A

response elements (TRE), recruit co-repressors

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16
Q

what is the action of co-repressors?

A

weaken gene transcription

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17
Q

how does t4 become t3

A

de-iodination

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18
Q

T3 binding in the nucleus causes recruitment of _______ to form a _______ with the thyroid hormone receptor.

A

RXR retinoic acid receptor, heterodimer

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19
Q

thyroid recruitment of what can lead to enhanced transcription of target genes?

A

co-activators

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20
Q

define hypothyroidism

A

underactive thyroid/ not enough thyroid hormones

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21
Q

what are the major causes of hypothyroidism? (list 4)

A

iodine deficiency
autoimmunity towards thyroid
congenital defect
inappropriate hormonal regulation

22
Q

hypersensitivity to cold is a symptom of _____? (hyper or hypo thyroidism)

A

hypo

23
Q

weight gain is a symptom of _______. (hypo or hyperthyroidism)

A

hypo

24
Q

bradycardia is a symptom of ________. (hypo or hyperthyroidism)

A

hypo

25
Q

what are the two types of hypothyroidism? measurement of _______ can help distinguish which one is afflicting a patient.

A
  1. primary hypothyroidism
  2. secondary hypothyroidism

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

26
Q

what causes primary hypothyroidism?

A

DEFECT in thyroid function

27
Q

what causes secondary hypothyroidism?

A

central defect ie poor function of anterior pituitary or hypothalamus

28
Q

what are the features (ie hormone amounts) in someone with primary hypothyroidism?

A

low T3/ T4

high TSH

29
Q

what are the features (ie hormone amounts) in someone with secondary hypothyroidism?

A

low T3/T4, low TSH

30
Q

what is the most common treatment of hypothyroidism

A

hormone replacement with synthetic thyroxine (T4)

31
Q

WHAT IS LEVOTHYROXINE?

what does it treat?

A

synthetic T4 hormone

treats hypothyroidism

32
Q

what are the 2 common causes of hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s disease

hyperplasia of the thyroid

33
Q

what causes Grave’s disease?

A

stimulatory auto-antibodies that activate the TSH receptor

34
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

enlargement of an organ

35
Q

what are thyroid adenoma and goitre?

A

enlargementh of the thyroid gland causing hyperthyroidism

36
Q

heat intolerance is a symptom of _______ (hyper or hypo thyroidism)

A

hyper

37
Q

tachycardia is a symtpom of _________ (hyper or hypo thyroidism)

A

hyper

38
Q

tremor is a symptom of (hyper or hypothyroidism)

A

hyperthyroidism

39
Q

what is secondary hyperthyroidism ?

A

central defect in the anterior pituitary, too much TSH release

40
Q

what are the features (ie hormonal amounts) present in Grave’s disease?

A

low TSH
high T3, high T4
detection of anti-TSH receptor antibodies

41
Q

what feature (ie hormonal amounts) is present in thyroid hyperplasia

A

high T3 and T4

low TSH

42
Q

what features (ie hormonal amounts) are found in someone with secondary hyperthyroidism?

A

high TSH

high T3 and T4

43
Q

what physiological signifier might suggest that someone has high levels of anti-TSH

A

bulging eyes or exophthalmos

44
Q

what does Hashimoto’s thyroiditis cause?

hypo or hyper thyroidism

A

hypo

45
Q

what is goitre?

what two things may cause goiter?

A

swelling of the neck

  1. overactivation of thyroid tissue
  2. iodine deficiency / increased TSH levels
46
Q

what does methimazole do?
to what class of drug does it belong?
what is it used to treat?
what are the drawbacks?

A

prevents steps of T4/T3 synthesis

thioamides

hyperthyroidism

diverse side effects

47
Q

what is radioactive iodine treatment

what does it treat

what are its drawbacks?

A

destruction of the thyroid

hyperthyroidism

should not be used in pregnant women because infant can have permanent thyroid damage

48
Q

how can surgery cure hyperthyroidism?

what are the drawbacks?

A

resection of part of all of the thyroid + hormone replacement

potential to disrupt parathyroid gland, may cause hypothyroidism

49
Q

how does treatment with beta-blockers help those with hyperthyroidism?

A

may help with the tachycardia caused by hyperthyroidism

50
Q

what is a thioamide? what can it be used to treat

A

Prevents iodination and coupling steps, used to treat hyperthyroidism

PMCOL 200 Final (11 decks)

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