Thrombosis

Question 1

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

To deliver blood nutrients and oxygen to the cells using blood.

Question 2

What are arteries?

Answer 2

Passages that carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart

Question 3

What are veins?

Answer 3

Passages that take blood back to the heart that contains less oxygen and more waste

Question 4

What are capillaries?

Answer 4

small, thin blood vessels that connect the arteries and the veins that
Larger surface area allows distribution of oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and waste products.

Question 5

Describe the pathway of the right heart.

Answer 5

Blood enters the right heart through veins and fills the right atrium
The atrium contracts and pushes the blood into the right ventricle
The ventricle contracts and the blood goes to pulmonary artery into the lung to be oxygenated, and returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein

Question 6

Describe the pathway of the left heart.

Answer 6

The pulmonary veins empty oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium
The atrium contracts and pushes blood into the left ventricle
The ventricle contracts and blood leaves the aortic valve, into aorta and to the body.

Question 7

Describe the tunica intima of the artery.

Answer 7

Inside most layer
has 3 layers
1: endothelium - the cells
2: sub endothelial layers
3: internal elastic membrane: for contracting and dilating

Question 8

Describe the tunica media of the artery.

Answer 8

Middle layer
made of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
has external elastic membrane

Question 9

Describe the tunica externa of the artery.

Answer 9

Outside layer
made of collagen fibers
vasa vasorum, nutrient gathering

Question 10

What is the difference between the artery and vein anatomy?

Answer 10

The veins do not have elastic membranes (internal or external) for contracting of dilation

Question 11

Describe the capillary anatomy.

Answer 11

2 layers
endothelial cells inside
basement membrane outside

Question 12

What is thrombosis?

Answer 12

the process of thrombus/thrombi formation

Question 13

What is a thrombus?

Answer 13

a solid mass consisting of blood constituents within the blood vessel attached to the point of origin.

Question 14

What three conditions cause thrombosis as describe by the founder of modern medicine?

Answer 14

Virchow Triad
Thrombosis is caused by:
1: endothelial injury
2: abnormal blood flow
3: hypercoagulability

Question 15

Describe endothelial injury.

Answer 15

clots occur quickly
the endothelium is thromboresistant, any injury alters that
the sub-endothelium is exposed as a result of injury and promotes adhesion of fibrin and platelets (sub-endothelial layer is highly thrombogenic)

Question 16

Describe abnormal blood flow.

Answer 16

when blood flow is congested and slows down, where platelets fall out to the periphery and stick to the endothelium
platelets are very adhesive 
Caused by:
chronic venous congestion
aged and debilitated animals
varicose vein
congestive heart failure

Question 17

Describe hyper coagulability.

Answer 17

Due to a genetic mutation:
increased levels of fibrinogen
Or acquired:
prolonged bed rest
metastatic cancer
prosthetic cardiac valves
smoking
plaque deposition

Question 18

How are thrombi classified pathologically?

Answer 18

1: blood vessel location
lateral thrombus - one side of blood vessel
occluding thrombus - entire circumference
saddle thrombus - at a bifurcation
canalized thrombus - new blood channels through clot
2: infective agent
septic thrombus - contains bacteria
parasitic thrombus - contains parasites
aseptic thrombus - no bacteria or parasites

Question 19

What is the fate of a thrombus?

Answer 19

propagation
emboli formation 
abscessation
dissolution
organization and recanalization
calcification

Question 20

What is histology?

Answer 20

cellular classification
study of micoscopic tissue structure
study of changes in tissues caused by disease
Uses stains to highlight tissue features

Question 21

What is hematoxylin?

Answer 21

Purple stain
reduces to hematein
cell nuclei
known as a counter stain

Question 22

What is eosin?

Answer 22

stains basic structures like cytoplasm, connective tissue fibers