thrombi and emboli

Question 1

what is laminar flow

Answer 1

when cells do not touch the cell wall

Question 2

what is thrombosis

Answer 2

solid mass of blood constituents formed within intact vascular system during life

Question 3

Virchows triad

Answer 3

Stasis of blood flow
Endothelial injury
Hyper coagulability

Question 4

factors that attribute to increased coagulability

Answer 4

sepsis
smoking
coagulation disorders
malignancy

Question 5

factors that attribute to reduced blood flow

Answer 5

Atrial fibrilation
long distance travel
varicose veins
venous obstruction
immobility
ventricular/ venous insufficiency

Question 6

what can cause damage to vessel wall

Answer 6

trauma
orthopaedic surgeries
hypertension
invasive procedures

Question 7

How does an arterial thrombosis occur

Answer 7

1- atheromatous plaque may have a fatty streak
2- over time the plaque grows and protrudes into the lumen causing turbulence in blood flow
3- results in loss of intimal cells
4- fibrin deposition and platelet clumping occurs

Question 8

what part of VT is deep vein thrombosis

Answer 8

change in blood flow

Question 9

define embolus

Answer 9

mass of material in the vascular system
able to become lodged within vessel and block it

Question 10

what is ischaemia

Answer 10

reduction in blood flow to a tissue or part of the body caused by constriction or blockage

without any order complications

Question 11

what is infarction

Answer 11

reduction in blood flow with subsequent death of cells

Question 12

if an embolus was to enter the venous system what will happen

Answer 12

it will travel to the vena cava , through the right side of the heart and will lodge in the pulmonary arteries

cause a pulmonary embolism

Question 13

what is infarction usually caused by

Answer 13

thrombosis of an artery

Question 14

role of platelets in thrombus formation

Answer 14

alpha granules- for adhesion
dense granules- for aggregation
platelets are activated releasing their granules when they come into contact with collagen
If this happens within an intact vessel a thrombus is formed

Question 15

Most likely cause of an embolism

Answer 15

Thrombus

Question 16

why are tissues with an end arterial supply more susceptible to infarction

Answer 16

single arterial supply and so if this vessel is interrupted infarction is likely.

Question 17

Define abscess

Answer 17

Acute inflammation with a fibrotic wall

Question 18

give 3 examples of organs with a dual arterial supply

Answer 18

lungs
liver
Kidneys

Question 19

difference between arterial and venous thrombosis

Answer 19

-lower BP in veins and atheroma do not occur
-thrombi begin at valves
-valves produce a degree of turbulence and can be damaged

Question 20

clinical features of arterial thrombi

Answer 20

loss of pulse to distal thrombus
area becomes cold , pale and painful
possible gangrene

Question 21

clinical presentation of venous thrombi

Answer 21

tender
area becomes red and swollen

Question 22

Fate of thrombi

Answer 22

1- resolve
2-organised
3-recanalisation
4- embolus

Question 23

What would you give to someone with an arterial thrombus

Answer 23

Aspirin

Question 24

What would you give to someone with a venous thrombus

Answer 24

Direct oral anti coagulants
Warfarin

Question 25

Types of thrombus

Answer 25

Pale , red and mixed

Question 26

What is the composition of pale / white thrombus

Answer 26

Rich in fibrin with platelets

Question 27

Composition of red thrombus

Answer 27

Mostly rbcs with less fibrin

Question 28

What would histology show for an embolus

Answer 28

Lines of zahn
Alternating clot layers or red and pale thrombus

Question 29

a large emboli can result in …?

Answer 29

acute respiratory or cardiac problems- pe
result in chest pain and shortness of breath