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Pathology > cancer pathology > Flashcards

cancer pathology Flashcards

1
Q

define carcinogenesis

A

the transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alteration or mutations

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2
Q

what is oncogeneis

A

the formation of benign and malignant tumours

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3
Q

something that causes cancer?

A

carcinogenic

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4
Q

something that causes a tumour

A

oncogenic

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5
Q

5 classes of carcinogens

A

chemical
viral
ionising and non ionising radiation
hormones, parasites and mycotoxins
miscellaneous

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6
Q

characteristics of chemical carcinogens

A

no common structural features
some act directly
most require metabolic conversion from pro carcinogens to ultimate carcinogens

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7
Q

what % of cancers are due to a virus

A

10-15

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8
Q

hormonal agents and the cancer they cause ?

A

increased oestrogen = mammary / endometrial cancer

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9
Q

examples of miscellaneous carcinogens

A

asbestos
metals

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10
Q

host factors that could lead to cancer

A

ethnicity
diet/lifestyle
constituitional factors
premalignant lesions

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11
Q

define a neoplasm

A

A lesion resulting from the autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed

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12
Q

define tumour

A

any abnormal swelling

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13
Q

behavioral classification of benign tumours

A

does not invade the basement membrane
exophytic grows outwards
low mitotic activity
circumscribed
necrosis and ulceration rare

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14
Q

behavioural classification of malignant tumours

A

invades basement membrane
endophytic
high mitotic activity
poorly circumscribed
necrosis and ulceration common

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15
Q

describe histogenesis classification

A

epithelial cell form carcinomas
connective tissues form sarcomas
lymphoid forms lymphomas or leukaemia

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16
Q

describe the grading for tumours

A

grade 1- well differentiated
grade 2- moderately differentiated
grade 3- poorly differentiated

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17
Q

nomenclature of epithelial tumours

A

all have the suffix - oma

18
Q

define metastasis

A

the process whereby malignant tumours spread from their site of origin to form other tumours at distant sites

19
Q

process of metastasis

A

Invasion - erosion of host defence by enzymes of primary location
Intravasion - gain access to metastatic routes
Evasion of host defence
Adherence - to endothelium at secondary location
Extravasation - colonisation of new site
Angiogenesis - develops its own blood supply

20
Q

what happens for a cancer to go from in situ to invasive

A

moves out of the basement membrane

21
Q

what is the extracellular matric mostly made from

A

collagen

22
Q

what is intravasation

A

The movement of a cell or a foreign substance through the wall of a blood or lymph vessel into the vessel itself

23
Q

Methods of evading the host immune defence

A

*aggregation with platelets
*shedding of surface antigens
*adhesion to other tumour cell

24
Q

what tumours commonly metastasise to the lung

A

sarcomas, breast cancer,
malignant turmours of connective tissues

25
Q

tumours which commonly metastasise to the liver

A

colon
stomach
pancreas
carcinoid tumours of intestine

26
Q

tumours which more commonly metastasise to the bone

A

Breast
Lung
Thyroid
Kidney
Prostate

27
Q

what is a characteristic of basal cell carcinoma

A

the skin only invades locally - it never spreads to other parts of the body

28
Q

what is adjuvant therapy

A

extra treatment given after surgical excision

29
Q

which tumour never metastasises

A

basal cell carcinoma

30
Q

what is the name of a malignant tumour of striated muscle

A

rhabdomyosarcoma

31
Q

which cancer does not commonly metastasise to bone

A

liposarcoma

32
Q

what term describes a cancer that hasnt invaded the basement membrane

A

carcinoma in situ

33
Q

Characteristics of neoplastic cells

A

Derive from nucleated cells
Usually monoclonal
Growth pattern related to parent cell

34
Q

What is angiogenesis

A

The growth of new blood vessels

35
Q

Why do we find areas of necrosis in some malignant tumours

A

Tumour grows bigger than the formation of blood vessels so the centre will die

36
Q

What can benign neoplasms do

A

Pressure on adjacent structured
Obstruct flow
Production of hormones
Transformation to malignant neoplasm
Anxiety

37
Q

What is a papilloma

A

Benign tumour of non glandular non secretory epithelium

38
Q

What are malignant epithelial neoplasms known as

A

Carcinoma

39
Q

Is an adenine benign or malignant

A

Benign

40
Q

What is a leioyoma

A

Benign smooth muscle neoplasm

41
Q

3 ways cancer can spread

A

Haematogenesis - via blood
Lymphatic
Transolemic - via exudative fluid accumulation , spread through pleural pericardium

Pathology (6 decks)

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