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Head and Neck > Throat - Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Throat - Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 different chambers of the pharynx?

A 
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Oral Cavity 
Oropharynx
Larynx
Hypopharynx
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2
Q

What is the name between the upper lip and the upper gingivae?

And also the lower one

A

Superior labial frenulum

Lower labial frenulum

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3
Q

What is the name of the folding in the hard palate?

A

Transverse palatine folds.

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4
Q

Whats the dangling thing at the back of the oral cavity called?

A

Uvula

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5
Q

What is the name of the 2 arches at the back of the oral cavity?

A

Glossopalatine arch

Pharyngopalatine arch

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6
Q

What is the name of the soft tissue lumps at the back of the throat?

A

Pallatine tossils.

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7
Q

What are the 2 salivary duct orifaces found underneath the tongue?

A

Sublingual
Submandibular

They are found underneath the tongue.

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8
Q

What are the 2 parts of the oral cavity?

A

Oral vestibule (between lips and teeth)

Oral cavity proper

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9
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

A

Lips to palatoglossal arch (anterior pillar)

Palate to floor of mouth/tongue

Buccal mucosa

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10
Q

How does the Parotid duct, from the Parotid gland empty into the mouth?

A

Duct pierces the buccinator muscle, then opens up into the oral cavity on the inner surface of the cheek, usually opposite the maxillary second molar.

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11
Q

What is found underneath the mucosa of the floor of the mouth?

A

From superior to inferior.

Mucosa
Sublingual duct
Submandibular duct
Sublingual salivary gland
Mylohyoid muscle
Submandibular salivary gland
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12
Q

What does the lingual nerve supply?

A

Supplies general somatic innervation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

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13
Q

What is the lingual nerve a branch of?

A

Branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.

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14
Q

What is the chorda tympani nerve?

A

Branch of the facial nerve which provides special sensation (taste) to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.

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15
Q

What are the functions of the oral cavity?

A 
Taste
Mastication 
Speech
Digestion
Swallowing
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16
Q

What are the 2 parts of the tongue?

A

Anterior 2/3

Posterior 1/3

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17
Q

Outline the innervation of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.

A

From 1st branchial arch

Sensation by the lingual nerve branch of CN V3)

Taste by chorda tympani (branch of CN VII)

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18
Q

Outline the innervation of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue/

A

From 3rd branchial arch

Supplied by CN IX

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19
Q

What are filliform papillae?

A

Filiform papillae are the most numerous of the lingual papillae.

They are fine, small, cone-shaped papillae covering most of the dorsum of the tongue.

They are responsible for giving the tongue its texture and are responsible for the sensation of touch.

Unlike the other kinds of papillae, filiform papillae do not contain taste buds.

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20
Q

What are fungiform papillae?

A

Mushroom shaped projections on the tongue, generally red in color. They are found on the upper surface of the tongue, scattered amongst the filiform papillae but are mostly present on the tip and sides of the tongue.

They have taste buds on their upper surface which can distinguish the five tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami.

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21
Q

What are folliate papillae?

A

Short vertical folds and are present on each side of the tongue. Bear many taste buds

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22
Q

What are circumvallate papillae?

A

Dome shaped structures found at the posterior of the tongue. Function associated with secretion of saliva i think. They can still taste.

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23
Q

What are the 2 different types of muscles in the tongue, what change do they generally carry out in the tongue?

A

Intrinsic muscles - alter shapes

Extrinsic muscles - alter position

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24
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Genioglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Palatoglossus

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25
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

The intrinsic muscles only attach to other structures in the tongue. There are four paired intrinsic muscles of the tongue and they are named by the direction in which they travel:

  • the superior longitudinal,
  • inferior longitudinal,
  • transverse
  • vertical

muscles of the tongue.

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26
Q

What is the innervation of the muscles of the tongue?

A

Motor innervation for the intrinsic muscles of the tongue is via the hypoglossal nerve (CNXII).

External are supplied by the Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) except for the palatoglossus whose innervation is via the vagus nerve (CNX).

27
Q

What are the functions of the tongue?

A

Taste
Mastication
Swallowing
Speech

28
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

Lateral pterygoid

Medial pterygoid

Temporalis

Masseter

29
Q

What is the nerve supply of the muscles of mastication?

A

Innervated by a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), the mandibular nerve.

30
Q

What is the function of the muscles of mastication?

A

Act upon the temporal mandibular joint.

31
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A

Lower border of soft palate to upper margin of epiglottis

Palatoglossal arch to posterior pharyngeal wall

Lateral: faucial pillars & palatine tonsils

32
Q

What is the epithelium in the oropharynx?

A

Stratified, non-keratinised squamous.

33
Q

What is the nerve supply in the oropharynx?

A

Pharyngeal plexus- CN IX & X

34
Q

What is the blood supply of the hypopharynx?

A

Blood supply of the hypopharynx is from the Superior Thyroid Artery, the Lingual Artery and the Ascending Pharyngeal Artery.

35
Q

What is the nerve supply of the hypopharynx?

A

Nerve supply is from the pharyngeal plexus.

36
Q

What are the boundaries of the hypopharynx?

A

Superior margin of epiglottis to lower border of cricoid cartilage

Continuous with oesophagus

Anterior wall: back of larynx

37
Q

What are the 3 sub divisons of the hypopharynx?

A
  1. ) Pyriform sinus
  2. ) Post-cricoid area
  3. ) Posterior pharyngeal wall
38
Q

What is the nerve supply of the hypopharynx?

A

Pharyngeal plexus- CN IX & X

39
Q

What are the three phases of swallowing?

A
  1. ) Oral Phase
  2. ) Pharyngeal
  3. ) Oesophageal
40
Q

Outline the Oral Phase of swallowing?

A

This is voluntary.

Tongue propels food (bolus) into pharynx

Triggering swallowing reflex (afferent: CN V, IX, X – swallowing centre in medulla – efferent: CN VII, X, XII)

41
Q

What is the Pharyngeal Phase of swallowing?

A

Soft palate pulled upwards

Epiglottis covers the larynx, vocal cord approximate, larynx moves upward

Upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS) relaxes

Respiration is reflex inhibited

42
Q

What is the Oesophageal phase of swallowing?

A

Once bolus passed UOS, the sphinter constricts

Bolus propelled downwards by peristaltic motion, reflex via myenteric plexus

43
Q

Outline the Myenteric Plexus’ innervation in swallowing?

A

Provides motor innervation to both layers of the tunica muscularis, having both parasympathetic and sympathetic input.

44
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Part of respiratory tract
Voice
Swallowing

45
Q

What are the 3 parts of the larynx?

A

Supraglottis
Glottis
Subglottic

46
Q

What is the Supraglottis?

A

Supraglottis: extends from the superior tip of the epiglottis to the floor of the ventricular fold (junction of respiratory and squamous epithelium).

47
Q

What is the Glottis?

A

begins superiorly at the true vocal fold and extends inferiorly to a horizontal plane 5 mm inferior to the vocal cord.

48
Q

What is the Subglottis?

A

: begins 5 mm below the free edge of the true vocal cord and proceeds to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage.

49
Q

What are the various types of cartilage found in the larynx?

A

Cricoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis
Paired arytenoid cartilages (corniculate, and cuneiform)

50
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx and what are their function?

A

infrahyoid, suprahyoid, and thyrohyoid

Move the entire laryngeal complex.

51
Q

What is the function of the instrinsic laryngeal muscles?

A

regulate movement of the vocal folds.

52
Q

Outline the motor innervation of the larynx?

A

CN X

All intrinsic mucles supplied by recurrent laryngeal nerve except for cricothyroid muscle (external laryngeal nerve)

53
Q

Outline the sensory innervation of the larynx?

difference in regions

A

Supraglottic: internal laryngeal nerve

Glottic and subglottic: recurrent laryngeal nerve

54
Q

Where does the superior layngeal nerve divide into an internal and external branch?

A

At the greater horn of the hyoid.

55
Q

Where does the internal branch of the laryngeal nerve go and what does it do?

A

The internal branch travels with the superior laryngeal artery through the thyrohyoid membrane and allows supraglottic sensation and increased airway protection

56
Q

Where does the external branch of the laryngeal nerve go and what does it do?

A

The external branch supplies subglottic mucosal sensation and motor fibers to the cricothyroid muscle.

57
Q

What are the 5 different components of speech?

A
  1. ) Respiration
  2. ) Phonation
  3. ) Resonation
  4. ) Articulation
  5. ) Prosody
58
Q

Outline the importance of respiration in speech.

A

Source of energy for speech. Activity here provides the larynx with a column of air for the laryngeal phase.

59
Q

What is Phonation in terms of speech?

A

Flow of air through different VC position, tension, vibration and length.

60
Q

What is Resonation in terms of speech?

A

Oral/nasal speech balance

Depend on nasopharynx, nasal cavity & oral cavity

61
Q

What is Articulation in speech?

A

Production of speech , determined by action of lips, tongue and jaw.

62
Q

What is Prosody in speech?

A

Production of syllable stress and emphasis.
Provide effective speech tone.

(rhythm, stress and intonation of speech)

63
Q

Dysfunction to any of the stages of speech can result in what?

A

Voice changes, which the patient may interpret as hoarseness.

Head and Neck (13 decks)

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