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Head and Neck > Otology > Flashcards

Otology Flashcards

1
Q

Common symptoms of the ear?

A

hearing loss tinnitus vertigo otalgia otorrhoea facial weakness **What are each of those**

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2
Q

What is tinnitus?

A

Tinnitus is the hearing of soundwhen no external sound is present.

Hearing loss and stress are known contributing factors.

Treatment aids to impact these causes.

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3
Q

What is vertigo?

A

Vertigo is a medical condition where a person feels as if they or the objects around them are moving when they are not. Often it feels like a spinning or swaying movement

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4
Q

What is otalgia?

A

Otalgia is pain in the ear.

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5
Q

What is Otorrhoea

A

Discharge of fluid from an external ear.

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6
Q

What is the instrument used in examination of the external ear?

A

Otoscope

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7
Q

What are the 2 tuning fork tests in ear examination?

A

Rinne’s test

Webers test

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8
Q

What are the results which can be taken from Rinne’s test?

A
  • A normal ear air>bone (test ‘positive’)
  • B conductive hearing loss bone>air (test ‘negative’)
  • C sensorineural hearing loss air>bone (test ‘positive’)
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9
Q

What is conductive hearing loss?

A

External and middle ear issues causing a reduction in hearing.

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10
Q

What is sensory nuro hearing loss?

A

Abnormalities in the inner ear, resulting in a loss of hearing.

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11
Q

What are the results seen from Weber’s test?

A

A normal hearing both ears left=right (test ‘central’)

B sensorineural hearing loss right ear left>right (test ‘lateralises to left’)

C conductive hearing loss right ear right>left (test ‘lateralises to right’)

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12
Q

How should the Whispered voice test be carried out?

A

whispered voice at 60 cm mask other ear no lip reading

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13
Q

**What is an audiogram? Look up results etc

A

An audiogram is a graph that shows the audible threshold for standardized frequencies as measured by an audiometer.

Used to outline any hearing loss.

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14
Q

What is tympanography?

A

Tympanometry is an examination used to test the condition of the middle ear and mobility of the eardrum (tympanic membrane) and the conduction bones by creating variations of air pressure in the ear canal.

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15
Q

What is the cause of Auricular Haematoma?

A

The cause is bleeding within the external portion of the ear, a condition known as hematoma auris, perichondrial hematoma, or traumatic auricular hematoma. (Cauliflower ear)

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16
Q

What is ottitis externa?

A

Inflammation of the ear canal. It often presents with ear pain, swelling of the ear canal, and occasionally decreased hearing.Typically there is pain with movement of the outer ear.

17
Q

What is ottitis media? Explain the two types of otitis media.

A

A group of inflammatory diseases of the middle ear. The two main types are acute otitis media (AOM) and otitis media with effusion (OME).

AOM is an infection of abrupt onset that usually presents with ear pain.

OME is also known as gllue each, it is most commoly associated with blockage of the eustacian tube of the ear, hench the build up of effusion.

18
Q

What is a grommet?

A

Plastic tube inserted into the ear. To drain fluid from the middle ear.

19
Q

What is perforated tympanic membrane?

A

A hole or tear in the thin tissue that separates your ear canal from your middle ear (eardrum).

A ruptured eardrum can result in hearing loss. A ruptured eardrum can also make your middle ear vulnerable to infections or injury.

20
Q

What is cholesteatoma?

A

Cholesteatoma is a destructive and expanding growth consisting of keratinizing squamous epithelium in the middle ear and/or mastoid process. Although cholesteatomas are not classified as either tumors or cancers, they can still cause significant problems because of their erosive and expansile properties resulting in the destruction of the bones of the middle ear (ossicles), as well as their possible spread through the base of the skull into the brain.

21
Q

What is tympanosclerosis?

A

A condition caused by hyalinization and subsequent calcification of subepithelial connective tissue of TM and middle ear, sometimes resulting in a detrimental effect to hearing.

22
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

A disease of the bones of the middle and inner ear. The ossicles (bones) become knit together into an immovable mass, and do not transmit sound as well as when they are more flexible.

23
Q

What is presbyacusis?

What is the effect of presbyacusis?

A

The cumulative effect of aging on hearing.

Resulting in high frequency hearing loss (Sensorineural).

24
Q

How does noise induced hearing loss occur?

A

Damage to hair cells in the cochlea.

Loud noises can also cause damage to the tympanic membranes and middle ear ossicles too.

25
Q

What are ototoxic medications?

A

Medication that have negative effects on the ear drum, most notably, tinnitus.

26
Q

What is Ménière’s disease?

A

Disorder of the inner ear that causes episodes in which you feel as if you’re spinning (vertigo), and you have fluctuating hearing loss with a progressive, ultimately permanent loss of hearing, ringing in the ear (tinnitus), and sometimes a feeling of fullness or pressure in your ear.

Cause is unclear.

27
Q

What is a Vestibular Schwannoma?

A

Benign primary intracranial tumor of the myelin-forming cells of the vestibulocochlear nerve (8th cranial nerve). A type of schwannoma, this tumor arises from the Schwann cells responsible for the myelin sheath that helps keep peripheral nerves insulated.

28
Q

What is the most common treatment of sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Use of a hearing aid.

29
Q

What is the pathology, clincial features and treatment of Benign Positional Vertigo?

A

otoconia (calcium) in semicircular canals

Vertigo precipitated by specific change in head position, lasting seconds, but occuring several times a day. Diagnosed by a positive Dix-Hallpike test.

Treament is by the Epley manouvre.

30
Q

What is the pathology of Vestibular neuritis / labyrinthitis?

A

reactivation of latent HSV infection of vestibular ganglion

31
Q

What are the clincial features of Vestibular neuritis / labyrinthitis?

A

spontaneous vertigo

no associated symptoms (vestibular neuritis)

associated unilateral hearing loss (labyrinthitis)

duration: days
frequency: few episodes

residual motion-provoked vertigo

32
Q

Treatment of Vestibular neuritis / labyrinthitis

A

acute

  • vestibular sedatives

chronic

  • vestibular rehabilitation
33
Q

Pathology of Menieres disease?

A

endolymphatic hydrops (abnormal fluctuations in the endolymph fluid, which fills the hearing and balance structures of the inner ear.)

34
Q

Clinical features of Meneires disease

A

spontaneous vertigo

+ unilateral hearing loss / tinnitus / aural fullness

duration: hours
frequency: every few days / weeks / months

+ fluctuating, progressive unilateral hearing loss

35
Q

Treatment of Menieres disease

A

betahistine

bendrofluazide

intratympanic dexamethasone

intratympanic gentamicin

others

Look these up***

36
Q

What is migraine?

A

A migraine is a primary headache disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that are moderate to severe.

37
Q

What are the clinical features of a migraine?

A

spontaneous vertigo

duration: variable
frequency: variable

± headache, sensory sensitivity, auras

± precipitated by migraine triggers

± past history of migraine

38
Q

What are the treatment options for migraine?

A

avoid migraine triggers

prophylactic medication

39
Q

What is Bell’s Palsy?

A

Acute, idiopathic facial palsy

Head and Neck (13 decks)

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