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PT I Exam I > Throat > Flashcards

Throat Flashcards

1
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

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2
Q

Aphagia

A

Inability or refusal to swallow

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3
Q

2 types of dysphagia

A
  • muscular dysfunction

- block of the esophagus

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4
Q

Causes of muscular dysfunction

A
  • stroke, brain, spinal cord injury
  • inflammation
  • Weakness (polymyositis)
  • esophageal spasm
  • scleroderma
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5
Q

Causes of block of esophagus

A
  • ulceration scars from GERD
  • Inflammation
  • diverticular disease
  • tumors
  • masses
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6
Q

Alternative classification of dysphasia

A
  • oropharyngeal
  • esophageal
  • functional (unknown cause)
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7
Q

Diagnostic procedures for dysphasia

A
  • barium swallow
  • laryngoscopy (look at back of throat)
  • manometry (internal test of esophageal pressure)
  • pH monitoring (determines acid reflux)
  • upper GI or esophagoscopy
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8
Q

Treatment for dysphasia

A
  • exercise swallowing muscles
  • endoscopically or surgically remove
  • dietary adjustments
  • pharmacotherapy (treat GERD, treat infections, avoid/treat dry mouth)
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9
Q

Pharmacist role in dysphagia

A
  • drugs to adjust stomach acid/treat GERD
  • encourage monitoring of weight (weekly)
  • MTM to assess for dry mouth
  • recommend therapies to treat dry mouth
  • assist with thickened liquids
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10
Q

Thin liquids

A

Water, coffee, tea, soda etc

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11
Q

Nectar like liquid

A

Coats and drips off spoon

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12
Q

Honey like liquids

A

Coats spoon, flows off in a ribbon

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13
Q

Spoon thick liquids

A

Remains on spoon in soft mass (pudding like)

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14
Q

Level 3 food standard

A
  • nearly regular diet
  • bite- sized
  • avoid crusty, dry bread, nuts, dried fruits, raw veggies
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15
Q

Level 2 food standardized

A

Foods moist, soft, cohesive
Meats ground or minced
Avoid corn bread, rice, soups, casseroles, stringy food

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16
Q

Level 1 food standardized

A

Pureed and cohesive
No mixed textures
Everything pudding like

17
Q

Drugs with anticholinergic side effects

A
  • antihistamines
  • atropine
  • antidepressants (tricyclics)
  • anticholinergics (benztropine)
  • antipsychotics
  • urinary incontinence drugs
  • diuretics
  • muscle relaxants
18
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of larynx, causing voice to change

19
Q

Acute causes of laryngitis

A
  • viral infection
  • GERD
  • irritation (allergens, smoke, pollution)
  • inhaled meds
  • overuse of voice
20
Q

Chronic causes of laryngitis

A
  • GERD
  • nerve damage
  • polyps and nodules
  • cancers
21
Q

Laryngitis treatment

A
  • Avoid talking
  • Hydrate
  • Rest
  • no drug proven to be of benefit (compared to risk)
  • increase humidity

**professionals steroids will reduce inflammation and swelling

22
Q

Things to avoid for laryngitis

A
  • talking, shouting, singing
  • smoking
  • dry air
  • clearing throat
23
Q

Pharmacists role in laryngitis

A
  • give good advice
  • do not give false expectations
  • make appropriate referrals (assess pain well)
24
Q

When to refer for laryngitis

A
  • significant pain
  • fever
  • BP <100
  • respiratory rate >25
  • voice change >4 days, with rest
  • oral lesions or visible lesions in throat
  • history of inhalation damage (fire)
25
Q

T/F throat pain is a disease

A

False, symptom not disease

26
Q

Etiology of sore throat

A
  • common cold
  • mouth breathing
  • flu
  • viral pharyngitis
  • group A strep
  • sinus drainage
  • inhale noxious fumes (smoking)
27
Q

Treating throat pain

A
  • treat underlying bacterial infection (test for it)

- systemic analgesic (NSAIDS, APAP, NO aspirin)

28
Q

Topical products for throat pain

A
  • anesthetics: benzocaine, dyclonine (numbs everything, caution with hot food, teeth grinders)
  • antiseptics: menthol, camphor (direct relief, decrease nasal congestion and post-nasal drip)
  • dosage forms: lozenges, sprays, gargles, dissolving strips
29
Q

Recommendations for sore throat

A
  • drink plenty of fluids (warm, tea with honey)
  • gargle with warm, salt-water rinses
  • hard candies to increase saliva production
  • increase humidity
  • avoid irritants
  • rest
30
Q

When to refer for sore throat

A
  • significant pain, inability to eat or drink
  • fever
  • BP <100
  • respiratory rate >25
  • same time onset of joint pain or rash
  • difficulty breathing
  • pain >7 days
  • felling of lump or swelling in throat
31
Q

Point of care testing for GAS

A
  • refer tonsillar exudates

- test GAS

32
Q

T/F sleep studies are essential when apnea is suspected

A

True

33
Q

T/F you can use benzocaine in all ages

A

False, not recommended for <2 years old

34
Q

Therapies for snoring

A
  • sprays
  • breathing strips
  • jaw slings (mouth breathing)
  • mouth guards (jaw positioning)
  • postural and lifestyle changes (elevate head, don’t sleep on back)
35
Q

improve snoring

A
  • sufficient humidity in room
  • achieve optimal body weight
  • avoid dry mouth
  • protect ears of snorer
  • down’t sleep with people who snore
  • get animals out of bed
  • remove irritants
  • avoid hypnotics, alcohol
36
Q

When to refer for snoring

A
  • excessive daytime sleepiness
  • difficulty concentrating
  • morning headaches
  • sore throat from snoring
  • restless sleep
  • gasping/choking in sleep or waking
  • hypertension
  • chest pain at night
  • so loud it disrupts partner
37
Q

What is the recommended questionnaire for patients to fill out in regards to snoring?

A

STOP BAND

38
Q

T/F laryngitis is painful and you can offer NSAIDS for treatment

A

False

Best therapy is to avoid talking, hydrate and rest as it only affects the voice with no pain

PT I Exam I (9 decks)

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