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PT I Exam I > Intro To Opthalmic pt 1 > Flashcards

Intro To Opthalmic pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the primary absorption site for eye medications?

A

Cornea

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2
Q

Give 2 reasons why the cornea is unique

A
  1. Avascular

2. Dual nature = lipophilic + hydrophilic

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3
Q

The cornea has 5 layers but only the _________ and ________ contribute to absorption

A

Epithelium

Stroma

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4
Q

The _______ of the cornea is lipophilic and the _______ is hydrophilic

A

Epithelium

Stroma

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5
Q

The __________ accounts for less than 1/5 of drug absorption; because it is highly vascularized the drug can reach systemic circulation

A

Conjunctiva

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6
Q

T/F: redness of the eye increases drug absorption into the eye due to increased vascular presence

A

False

- it decreases absorption in the eye but increases systemic absorption

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7
Q

Miosis

A 
Contraction
Iris
Sphincter
PNS
Cholinergic
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8
Q

Mydraisis

A 
Contraction
Radial muscle
Iris
SNS
Adrenergic
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9
Q

What is the role of the ciliary body?

A
  1. Aqueous humor production
  2. Ocular source of drug metabolizing enzymes
  3. No tight junctions = passage for systemic drugs
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10
Q

If the ciliary body is inflamed, how will the patient present?

A
  1. Ciliary body spasm = fluctuating vision, pain and photophobia
  2. May induce cycloplegia to reduce pain (paralyze the ciliary body)
  3. Prostaglandins may result in pupillary constriction
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11
Q

_________ ___________ accounts for why darker eyes take longer to respond to lipophilic drugs

A

Pigment absorption

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12
Q

__________ humor circulates with thermal differential

A

Aqueous

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13
Q

What is a concern with administration of digitalis, quinine, methyl alcohol?

A

Renal toxicity

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14
Q

What is the concern with administration of ethambutol, sulfonamide, vit A & digitalis?

A

Optic nerve toxicity

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15
Q

_________ preservatives are ionically charged and disrupt cell membranes

A

Bacteriocidal

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16
Q

________ preservatives are those that disrupt metabolic processes

A

Bacteriostatic

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17
Q

Artificial tears that contain preservatives should be limited to use only ______ times per day

A

4 to 5

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18
Q

pH ranging from _____ to _____ is tolerated in the eye for comfort

A

6.5 - 8.5

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19
Q

Ophthalmic solutions are typically _____ in terms of tonicity

A

Hypotonic

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20
Q

Polymers are added to eye drug formulations to _________

A

Increase viscosity to create a “shielding” effect to allow for more contact time on eye

21
Q

What type of solutions are used to draw water from the ocular surface?

A

Hypertonic solutions, like for corneal edema

22
Q

Why are antioxidants included in eye drop formulations?

A

Prevent deterioration upon exposure to oxygen to preserve efficacy

23
Q

DMSO is an example of which type of ingredient in eye drops? What is its role?

A

Absorption enhancer

  • readily increases penetration and bioavailability by epithelial modification
  • makes it “leaky”
24
Q

Which preservative is highly toxic to the cornea?

A

Benzalkonium chloride (BK)

25
Q

A ______ is defined as any agent other than active drug/preservative that is added to a formulation to achieve proper tonicity, buffering and viscosity

A

Vehicle

26
Q

_______/_________ are used to increase lipophilic nature of a compound and tend to penetrate the cornea better

A

Phosphates

Hydrochlorides

27
Q

_________/___________ increase hydrophilicity of a compound and tend to remain more surface-based

A

Alcohols

Acetates

28
Q

What is a concern with contact wearers and eye drop administration?

A
  • may act as a reservoir for the drug and may result in a slow release or corneal irritation
  • sodium fluoresceine will stain soft contact lenses
29
Q

Which dosage form is difficult to avoid contaminating the tube tip and may be administered alternatively with a cotton swab?

A

Ointments

30
Q

T/F: Keeping your eye open helps reduces systemic absorption following administration fo the drug

A

False

Close you eyes gently or use punctal occulsion

31
Q

T/F: Do not squeeze eye lids or rub the eye after administration

A

True

Just gently clsoe the eye

32
Q

How many minutes should you wait between drop administration?

A

5 to 10 mins

33
Q

______ should always be administered before ointments or suspensions

A

Drops

34
Q

Bradycardia, hypotension and impotency are all signs of systemic absorption of which eye drop medication?

A

Beta blockers

35
Q

Which eye drop may cause delirium, tachycardia and urinary retentions?

A

Atropine

36
Q

Which eye drop class causes ototoxicity?

A

Aminoglycosides

37
Q

T/F: most eye drop products are temperature dependent

A

False

38
Q

Refrigeration of eye drops primarily lets the patient know what?

A

When the drop hits the surface

39
Q

What are exceptions to refrigerating eye drops to feel it?

A

Prostaglandins

Antiviral

40
Q

Non-preserved eye drops are ______ dose and should be discarded after opening

A

Single

41
Q

Yellow or blue cap

A

Beta blocker

42
Q

Red cap

A

Mydriatic

Cycloplegic

43
Q

Green cap

A

Miotic

44
Q

Grey cap

A

NSAID

45
Q

Brown or tan cap

A

Anti-infective

46
Q

White cap

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

47
Q

Pink cap

A

Steroids

48
Q

Order mydriatics/cycloplegics from shortest DOA to longest

A

Tropicamide
Homatropine
Scoplamine
Atropine

PT I Exam I (9 decks)

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