Three Data Structures and Quantitative Research Methods

Question 1

involves measuring one or more separate variables for each individual with the intent of simply describing the individual variables

Answer 1

descriptive research

Question 2

a useful way of obtaining data about people’s opinions, attitudes, preferences, and experiences that are hard to observe directly; data may be obtained using questionnaires and interviews

Answer 2

survey research

Question 3

two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them

Answer 3

correlational method

Question 4

in this research design, one (or more) variable is manipulated while another variable is observed or measured; this design aims to establish a caused-effect relationship between the two variables and attempts to control all other variables to prevent them from influencing the results

Answer 4

experimental method

Question 5

the variable that is manipulated by the researcher; it should consists of at least two (or more) levels(treatment conditions) to which subjects are exposed

Answer 5

independent variable

Question 6

the variable that is being observed or measured to assess the effect of the treatment

Answer 6

dependent variable

Question 7

a condition in an experiment wherein the subjects will receive the experimental treatment

Answer 7

experimental condition

Question 8

a condition in an experiment wherein the subjects do not receive the experimental treatment

Answer 8

control condition

Question 9

often seem like (as the prefix quasi implies) real experiments, but they lack one or more of its essential elements, such as manipulation of antecedents and random assignment to treatment conditions

Answer 9

quasi-experimental design

Question 10

a design in which the researcher compares the effect of different treatment conditions on pre-existing groups of respondents/subjects

Answer 10

nonequivalent groups design

Question 11

a research design used to assess whether the occurrence of an event alters behavior; scores from measurements made before and after the event (called the pretest and posttest are compared

Answer 11

pretest/posttest design

Question 12

a study in which a researcher systematically examines the effects of pre-existing subject characteristics(or subject variables) by forming groups based on theses naturally occurring differences between subjects

Answer 12

ex-post facto study

Question 13

a method in which the same group of subjects is followed and measured at different points in time; a method that looks for changes across time

Answer 13

longitudinal design

Question 14

style of documentation of sources used by the American Psychological Association; this form of writing research papers is used mainly in the social sciences, like psychology, anthropology, and sociology, as well as education and other fields

Answer 14

APA style/format

Question 15

What are the Sections anAPA-Style Research Paper?

Answer 15

TAIMRDRA

Question 16

what are the requirements in Data Structure 1?

Answer 16

1. one (or more) variables measured per individual
2. variable/s is/are described by descriptive statistics
3. may use category and/or numerical variables

Question 17

what are the requirements in Data Structure 2?

Answer 17

1. one group of respondents
2. measurement of two variables for each respondent
3. goal is to describe the type and magnitude of the relationship
4. patterns in the data reveal relationships
5. non-experimental method of study

Question 18

what are the requirements in Data Structure 3?

Answer 18

1. one variable defines the groups
2. scores are measured on second variable
3. both experimental and non-experimental studies use this structure

Question 19

what should be the Relationship
Between Variables for DS1?

Answer 19

1. two (or more) variables observed and measured
2. one of two possible data structures used to determine what type of relationship exists