Threats to Elizabeth's reign Flashcards
Where was Mary Queen of Scots born and what countries did she have control over?
She was born in Scotland and became queen at only six days old after her father’s death and then she was sent to France and was raised in luxury and married to Frances king of France when she was 15 he died and she returned to Catholic Scotland.
Who did Mary Queen of Scots marry after the king of France died and why did this become problematic?
Mary married Lord darnley who was murdered it was her next husband that was problematic, since he, the
Earl of Bothwell, was the one suspected of killing her former husband.
What happened after Mary married the Earl of bothwell?
Her reputation was ruined and she was forced to abdicate the Scottish throne leaving it to her son James the 6th in 1567
When did Mary arrive in England
1568 seeking help from her cousin Elizabeth
What did Elizabeth do when Mary came to England and why?
She imprisoned Mary for 19 years in Sheffield castle this was because she was the Catholic heir to Elizabeth throne and so we’re seen as a threat, as she was a queen the catholics could back to overthrow elizabeth.
When was the revolt of the Northern Earls?
1569 (the first Catholic plot only a year after Mary had arrived in England)
c
Why did the Northen Earls decide to revolt?
The north of England had stayed very Catholic and they rebelled against Henry the eighth and supported Mary 1st and so Mary Queen of Scots was an opportunity for them to have a Catholic monarch
How did the northern Earls revolt?
What happened at the revolt of the northern Earls?
After Mary Queen of Scots Had to abdicate the Scottish throne, the Earl of Westmoreland and the Earl of Northumberland hatched a plot to raise an army in the north and take back the Scottish throne and from here Mary Queen of Scots was to marry the Duke of Norfolk to have an air and secure the Catholic line for when she would eventually take the English throne due to her heirdom.
Did the Duke of Norfolk agreed to marry Mary Queen of Scots and if so why?
The Duke of Norfolk agreed, despite his belief that she was a murderer of her second husband and her reputation as an adulterer and being made in English traitor if he married a Catholic, but by marrying her he could be a king, if the plot went well
What happened on the 10th of November 1569?
The revolt of the northern Earls truly began and the rebels stormed the Durham cathedral, destroying symbols of protestantism and holding mass in the Protestant cathedral
How did Elizabeth respond to the revolt of the northern Earls?
She imprisoned Mary further South, where England was more Protestant and rebels couldn’t reach her and she ordered the rapid deployment up north and the rebels therefore retreated
700 men were put to death, including Northumberland
Why did the revolt of the northern Earls Fail?
Give four reasons
- A lack of widespread support since many Catholics didn’t mind Elizabeth
- Bad leadership and internal divisions as the old plan was unclear and lacked direction and would often based on personal rivalries
- The Earl of Norfolk was imprisoned and this led to depriving them of military strength and valuable resources
- And queen Elizabeth’s effective response as she swiftly suppressed the rebellion mobilising rule troops and rallying loyal subjects cheesed effective propaganda to further undermine the Earls’ legitimacy and their public support
What and when was the Papal bull?
The Papal bull was when the Pope excommunicated Elizabeth and this meant that not only was Elizabeth officially removed from the Catholic Church it also encouraged Catholics to disobey her and remove her from power, as following her would lead them to excommunication as well 1570
And here they turn 1571 Elizabeth created fines for Catholics not attending Protestant church services and it became illegal to own any Catholic items
When was there Rildolfi plot and what was it?
1571 in Italian banker, and ‘papal angent’ t the Pope, and Catholic nobles wanted to secure the Spanish support for an invasion of England and place Mary Queen of Scots on the throne but they failed because of walsingham finding out and stopping the plot and it highlighted the threat to Elizabeth from Catholics and forced her to enforce stricter anti Catholic measures and it also revealed a complex religious and political challenges that she was facing
Ridolfi escaped England before he could be punished
Fines were raised to £20 that was four times the annual salary of a yeoman or commoner for any Catholics who refused to attend a Protestant church and it became high treason to convert to Catholicism
What did the Pope say when excommunicating Elizabeth?
we We charge and command all and singular nobles, subjects peoples and other afore said that they do not dare obey Queen Elizabeth the first orders, mandates and laws
When was the throckmorton plot?
1583
A year after this, Liz would pass the Bond of Association
what happened in the throckmorton plot?
There were supporters conspiring with France and Spain to assassinate Elizabeth and put Mary Queen of Scots on the throne however Walsingham found out and arrested throckmorton before anything could begin
What were the effects of the throckmorton Plot?
Reinforced the threat of Catholics and led to strengthening anti Catholic measures although in itself was quite small and nothing actually happened
Might have led to the 1585 law against Catholic priests who who killed if they had been ordained after 1559
When was the babington plot?
1586
What was the Babington plot?
Babington and six friends would break Mary Queen of Scots out followed by a Spanish invasion
Babington his six friends were a bunch of 20 year olds with a lot of money and a lot of time however there might have been a religious standpoint as well
What Happened to intercede the babington plot?
Walsingham decided to entrap Mary by allowing letters that he would intercede to be sent until she incriminated herself he then went to Elizabeth with the letters and she was executed for treason
When was Mary Queen of Scots executed?
October 25th 1587 and this marked the end of Catholic plots
1584
What was the bond of association?
Stated that if Elizabeth was murdered or anyone attempted to murder her parliament would punish murderers and anyone who would benefit from Elizabeth’s death, this included Mary Queen of Scots
When was the Bond of Association passed and why is this significant?
It was passed in 1584 following not only the Throckmorton plot in 1583 but also the Saint Bartholomew day massacre in France in which many Protestants were killed and the murder of William of orange an Austrian Protestant and Duke who was killed for his religion
What did babington say in one of his letters to Mary about the motivation he had for this plot?
Babington said the zeal of the Catholic faith
Name how France, Spain and Scotland reacted to Mary’s execution
France with a Catholic country not happy but it also feared for spain’s powers and wanted to keep the English alliance
Spain was ready at war with England due to actions of sea dogs [English pirate] and events in the netherlands
Scotland King James the 6th was heir to Elizabeth so took no action and Elizabeth was extremely apologetic towards him even sent him a letter’s apologising for his mother’s death
Name two reasons why Elizabeth should have killed Mary Queen of Scots
1 Walsingham discovered her involvement in babington plot
2 she was Catholic figurehead and so to kill her would eradicate Catholic problems
Name three reasons why Elizabeth should not have executed Mary Queen of Scots
1 she was a foreign queen and so is illegal to accuse her of treason
2 walsingham and entrapped marry into incriminating herself
3 to kill her with anger Catholic nations an Mary Queen of Scots would become a martyr to Catholics
Give the main reason why Elizabeth didn’t want to executeMary Queen of Scots and how she did end up executed
Elizabeth didn’t want to condemn her, as a royal she was a chosen person of God however, Elizabeth did sign the death warrant but she wouldn’t submit it, her secretary did and she wrote to James her son apologising
What were the four main reasons why most of the plots failed
1 Walsingham and his network of spies stopped plots at early stages
2 Catholics had unconvincing alternatives as Mary had a shady reputation and they didn’t want a foreign leader and since Elizabeth wasn’t too harsh against Catholics earlier in her reign they didn’t want to rebel
3 punishments for rebels were very harsh like being hung drawn and quartered
4 religious settlement worked and it kept most Catholics happy and they did not want to rebel
What were or who were the Jesuits?
S SoC formed in 1540 one thing to convert people to Catholicism members of the society were known as Jesuits and they came to England in 1580
What act against Jesuits was signed in 1585?
The act against Jesuits called them to be driven out of England and executed
Who was William Allen?
An English Catholic who was made a cardinal on the recommendation of king Philip in 1587. He was involved in the Throckmorton plot and the Spanish Armada. He was likely to become the Archbishop of Canterbury if he and the others had succeeded in their Jesuit mission. He set up ties with foreign countries and created a jesuit training school in Douai
Who was Edmund Campion?
He and Robert Parsons were chosen to lead Catholic conversion mission in England and arrived on the 24th of June 1580 disguised as merchants.
He would preach to public and his charismatic ways got him notice by authorities, convinced his aim was to start a rebellion and so he became a wanted man and was caught and died a death by torture
he travelled alone and on foot to Rome to join Jesuits in 1573 and was an Oxford scholar under Mary 1st and left England when Catholic views started to be seen as Unacceptable
How did conflict in the Netherlands cause tension between Spain and England?
In August 1566 as a Protestant uprising in Dutch cities which quickly took a religious turn with an outbreak of iconoclasm king Phillips sent Spanish soldiers to crush rebellion but Queen Elizabeth sent money to the rebels and allowed volunteers to go and help
Why did Elizabeth choose to send money to the rebels in the Netherlands?
Elizabeth even offered protection to rebel ships known as sea beggars I allowed them to stay in English ports until 1572 while this was a hard decision since she didn’t want conflict with Spain conflict within the Netherlands would be bad for the cloth trade which England depended heavily upon
What was the final straw for king Philip declaring war on England?
The execution of Mary Queen of Scots in 1587
What happened in 1584 in the Netherlands?
The leader of the Dutch rebels William of orange was assassinated by Spanish Catholics, he was a Protestant
When did Elizabeth send Troops to help the Protestant rebels in Netherlands?
1585 she did this because she didn’t want Spain getting too powerful and was concerned about france’s increasing involvement following the Protestant massacre both St Bartholomew day
Who did Queen Elizabeth send when she sent troops to help the Dutch rebellion
Robert Dudley And 700 soldiers
Name four other reasons aside from the Dutch rebellion that meant England and Spain were in a state of conflict
1 difference of religion
2 the Pope called for Catholics to challenge Elizabeth in the papal bull
3 Sir Francis Drake spent years reading Spanish ports with his privateers
4 king Philip had been married to Mary 1st and offered his hand to Elizabeth, she kept him waiting while they lived in a state of peace but then she rejected him
Who did Elizabeth put in charge of the British Navy?
John Hawkins
What was the main tactic used by the English in naval warfare?
Instead of fighting they would raid and steal Sir Francis Drake, Hawkins and others raided ports like Cadiz in 1587, drake destroyed dozens of spanish ships and it was called the singeing of king of spain’s beard
How were these British raids of Spanish ships allowed?
Elizabeth gave privateering licences
What were fireships?
They were also known as the hell burners and they were old or captured ships that were set alight and sent to the enemy fleet a distinctly British tactic
What was the line of battle?
The line of battle was when ships would create a single line and fired together at the enemy, to sink ships are very successful tactic used by the English against the Spanish Armada
Name 3 new technologies that had a part to play in the Spanish Armada
1 more powerful weapons with cannons allowing to fire from afar and sturdier ships to support them
2 faster and more manoeuvrable ships with a new type of sail called a lateen perfect for raids and chases
3 more accurate navigation with inventions like the astrolabe, raids could be planned in certain locations
What was King Philip’s plan in the Spanish Armada?
He was going to send a great Armada of ships through the English Channel to anchor off the Dutch coast where soldiers in the Netherlands, under the Duke of Parma, would come aboard and then the ships would land on the Kent coast and soldiers would march on London
King Philip was sure that he wouldn’t be met with any English resistance
How many ships, sailors, soldiers, priests and monks were part of the Spanish Armada?
151 ships, 7000 sailors, 34,000 soldiers, 180 priests and monks who delivered Catholic mass every day (perhaps suggesting a religious motive)
How many supplies did the Spanish Armada have and who was in charge of the Spanish Armada?
They had enough supplies for four weeks as they didn’t expect to be out on sea any longer and the commander was Duke of Medina sedonia who had no marine time experience
But each ship was commanded by an experienced captain
What key resource did the Spanish lack?
The Spanish had no weapons aboard As they only expected to have a final land attack according to philip’s plan and didn’t anticipate any English opposition
When did the English send fire ships into the Armada that was anchored at Calias?
27th of July 1588
What happened on the 6th of August 1588?
The Spanish Armada had anchored at the Dutch coast but the Duke of Palmer had got sick of waiting and commanded his troops in land to mend canals, delaying the Armada
What happened on the 7th of August 1588?
Sir Francis drakes sent 8 fire ships into the Spanish fleet sending them into chaos as they tried to escape and breaking their Crescent formation
What happened in the 8th of August 1588?
The Battle of Gravelines
English Fired constantly from a distance of 100 metres, causing lots of damage but not sinking any ships. The Armada was scattered and Medina sedonia attempted to lead the battered troops around Scotland and the English gave chase continuing their cannon fire, which the Spanish were ill prepared for
What did Elizabeth do after the battle of gravelines?
To rally them Elizabeth gave a speech at Tilbury saying she has the heart of a great king even if she is in the body of a weak and feeble woman
How did the Spanish Armada finally get defeated?
Spanish ships not designed for stormy English weather then they kept getting blown off course. The water was polluted their food was rotten and they had no maps of north British waters. With constant fire damaging their ships they decided to retreat
how many ships returned to Spain after the Armada?
63 out of 151
How did Elizabeth see the victory over the Spanish Armada?
She saw it as proof that God was on the side of Protestants thank gained multitudes respect through victory
What was the inscription on the English Admirals medals they received after the Spanish Armada
Flavit Jehovah et dissipati sunt
God blew with his wind and they were scattered
What were the three main reasons why the Spanish Armada failed?
1 English tactics
Using fire ships, a tight formation, bombardment of cannon fire, experienced tacticians are like Sir Francis Drake
2 Spanish mistakes
Ships were designed for the Mediterranean and they were big so not fast or manouverable with not being fully prepared for sea battle, only cannons for land fire and the wrong cannonballs for the cannons and a bad choice of leader in Medina sidonia
3 the weather
Spanish ships could not survive the journey home they were battered by storms and off the Scottish and Irish coasts and they run out of food and water and many sailors became too sick to sail
Who was the Earl of Essex?
His name was Robert Devereux and he was 30 years younger than Elizabeth and became Earl of Essex in 1573. He was brought into the Privy Council in 1595, when he was 29 years old, and got married in secret to lady Francis Sydney in 1593. In 1587 he enjoyed great military success in the attack on the Spanish port of Cadiz
Name 2 incidences where there was trouble with the Earl of Essex
He often clashed with Robert Cecil, William cecil’s son, creating rival factions in the Privy Council
Once an argument got so bad that Essex pulled his sword on Elizabeth in retaliation to her slapping him, he received house arrest in January 1599, Liz sends him to ireland to crush a rebellion and he failed, by making a peace pact instead. He was told not to come back to England but he came back against Elizabeth orders and burst into her chambers while she was wigless
Describe the story of the Essex rebellion
After bursting in on Elizabeth wigless, Essex was put under house arrest and got worried what other councillors would advise her to do. He took four Privy councillors hostage and with 200 followers marched to his London house. Robert Cecil acted quickly and it labelled Essex as a traitor, leaving many to abandon the March. When essex returned home to find his hostages released by abandoners he was arrested along with his remaining supporters. He was then executed
When was the Earl of Essex executed and why was he executed in the Tower of London?
25th of February 1601
In the Tower of London it kept his execution private, as having a public execution on Tower Hill could cause riots due to his popularity
How did Elizabeth react to the Earl of Essex execution
She cried the days apparently and forbade his name to be mentioned
Who were presbyterians and some famous examples?
Extreame Puritans who questioned the need of bishops at all, and often criticised religious leaders in prophesysings.
John Field was banned from preaching in 1580 due to being an open presbyterian.
Who was John Whitgift?
The Archbishop of Canterbury appointed when the former Archbishop, Grinland, died in 1580.
He was very anti-putitan and put in new rules like a ban on unliscenced preaching and imprisonment for any who didn’t follow the new religious laws and some painters were imprisoned in the Tower of London for circulating puritan messages.
Where did Essex attack in 1587?
Cadiz, he was part of the ‘singing of the King of Spain’s beard’
When did the Earl of Essex lose his sweet wine monopoly?
1600 as punishment for his truce in Ireland (during the Tyrone’s rebellion), instead of repressing them as Elizabeth wanted.
What were the Casket letters?
Letters sent by Mary QoS to her third husband Lord Bothwell, found during the enquiry into her potential murder of her second husband Lord Darnley during her 19 year imprisonment in England.
