Threats case studies ( Iceland, Switzerland, Antarctica) Flashcards
what is a glacial outburst flood also known as
jokulhlaup
what six ways can an outburst flood be triggered
increased flotation of ice as water levels rise, overflow and melt of an ice dam, breakdown of an ice dam due to tectonic activity, enlargement of pre-existing tunnels, failure of moraine dam and irreversible overtopping of a moraine dam
what can outburst floods do
destroy property tens or even hundreds of kilometres from their source
what does total discharge range from over how many years
0.5 and 3.5 km3 approximately every 3-6 years
in 1996 Grimsvotn eruption sent up an ash column how high
10km
on 5th November how much damage did meltwater cause to infrastructure
$15 million
What are the alpine countries
Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Lichenstein, Monaco, Slovenia and Switzerland
The Alpine Convention aims to what
balance the needs of 14 million residents and 120 million tourists per year
Zermatt (Switzerland) has how many visitors per year
2 million
what is the resident population of Zermatt and what is it in the height of the ski season
6000 and 35,000
why is there irreparable damage to the landscape
the construction of ski runs and the use of energy-intensive snow cannons used to apply additives to slopes
what makes Zermatt sustainable
car-free town, tourists are encouraged to go on foot or use bikes, electric buses or electric taxis and a new solar restaurant using renewable energy to manage water waste and energy consumption
how much have Zermatt invested per year into environmental projects
1 million Swiss francs
how many priority areas do they claim are now repaired
85%
how many protected forests does Zermatt have
6
how many areas are designated as wildlife sanctuaries including how many endemic plants
10 and 7
what was the controversy over in 2007
a proposal to build a tower which would raise the mountain by 4000m in height
in 2010 how many cars would fit in the proposed car park
2000
how many meters of forest would be lost in the construction of the car park
9000 m2
how many tourists visit the Antarctic per year
40,000
in the 1990s tourism was 1 million, what is it in 2014
over 2 million
the North Cape receives how many visitors per year
over 1 million
how many cruise ships visited Svalbard in 2015
over 50
what % has Greenland grown by since 2004 in cruise ship tourism
400%
in 2015 what did a standard trip cost to Antarctica for 20 days
£12,000 to £14,000
what are some potential issues with Antarctic tourism
development of land-based tourism, the spread of tourism to areas beyond the Antarctic, the development of fly-sail and the increasingly large ships being used
what regulations are needed
limits in tourist numbers, mandatory safety codes, ratification of laws to prevent ships of more than 500 passengers from landing and limiting the number of passengers going ashore
