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PSYC > Thought And Language > Flashcards

Thought And Language Flashcards

1
Q

Manipulating mental representations for a purpose.

A

Thinking

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2
Q

People think using:

A

Mental images and mental models

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3
Q

A visual representation of a stimulus.

A

Mental image

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4
Q

Representations that describe, explain or predict the way things work.

A

Mental model

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5
Q

A mental representation of a class of objects, ideas or events that share common properties.

A

Concept

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6
Q

Groupings based on common properties.

A

Categories

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7
Q

In problem solving, these are shortcuts or rules of thumb.

A

Heuristics

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8
Q

Most of the time, people rely on these cognitive shortcuts that allow them to make rapid judgements but can sometimes lead to irrational choices.

A

Heuristics

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9
Q

The conscious manipulation of representations.

A

Explicit cognition

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10
Q

Cognition outside awareness.

A

Implicit cognition

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11
Q

The theory that asserts that most cognitive processes occur simultaneously through the action of multiple, activated networks.

A

Connectionism, or parallel distributed processing.

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12
Q

The process by which people generate and evaluate arguments and beliefs.

A

Reasoning

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13
Q

The process of transforming one situation into another to meet a goal.

A

Problem solving

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14
Q

The process by which an individual weighs the pros and cons of different alternatives in order to make a choice.

A

Decision making

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15
Q

The system of symbols, sounds, meanings and rules for their combination that constitutes the primary mode of communication among humans.

A

Language

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16
Q

The theory that language shapes thought, thought shapes language, and language evolves to express new concepts.

A

Whorfian hypothesis of linguistic relativity

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17
Q

The process of using rules to transform sounds and symbols into meaningful language.

A

Grammar

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18
Q

The way language is used and understood in everyday life.

A

Pragmatics

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19
Q

The way people speak, hear, read and write in interconnected sentences.

A

Discourse

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20
Q

The ideal time to gain fluency in a language.

A

First three years of life.

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21
Q

The stages of speech acquisition.

A

Babbling, one-word, two-word, holophrastic, fluency.

22
Q

Speech used by children that leaves out all but the essential words.

A

Telegraphic speech

23
Q

The ability to attribute mental states to oneself and to others, enabling social interaction to occur.

A

Theory of mind

24
Q

Essential or present qualities needed to classify the object as a member of the category.

A

Defining features

25
Q

A typical mental example of a category of things.

A

Prototype

26
Q

A particularly good example of a category.

A

Exemplar

27
Q

The level people tend to use in categorising objects

A

Basic level

28
Q

The level of categorisation to which people naturally go; the level at which objects share distinctive common attributes.

A

Basic level

29
Q

A level of categorisation below the basic level in which more specific attributes are shared by members of a category.

A

Subordinate level

30
Q

The most abstract level of categorisation in which members of a category share few common features.

A

Superordinate level

31
Q

Reasoning from specific observations to more general propositions.

A

Inductive reasoning

32
Q

Identifying an object as belonging to a category.

A

Categorisation

33
Q

The process by which people understand a novel situation in terms of a familiar one.

A

Analogical reasoning

34
Q

Systematic procedures that produce a solution to a problem.

A

Algorithm

35
Q

Mentally imagining the steps involved in solving a problem before doing them.

A

Mental simulation

36
Q

The tendency for people to ignore other possible functions of an object when they have a fixed function in mind.

A

Functional fixedness

37
Q

The tendency to use the same problem solving techniques that have worked in the past.

A

Mental set

38
Q

The tendency for people to search for confirmation of what they already believe.

A

Confirmation bias

39
Q

Unrealistic optimism

A

Optimism bias

40
Q

A tendency to overestimate how successful our predictions could have been once the outcome is known and when the event itself was predictable.

A

Hindsight bias

41
Q

In expectancy value theory, a combined measure of the importance of an attribute and how well a given option satisfies it.

A

Weighted utility value

42
Q

A combined assessment of the value and probability of different options.

A

Expected utility

43
Q

A cognitive shortcut used to assess whether an object or incident belongs in a particular class.

A

Representativeness heuristic

44
Q

A strategy that leads people to judge the frequency of a class of events or the likelihood of something happening on the basis of how easy it is to retrieve from explicit memory.

A

Availability heuristic

45
Q

People are rational within constraints imposed by their environment, goals and abilities.

A

Bounded rationality

46
Q

An area in the brain that plays a central role in working memory and explicit manipulation of representations.

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

47
Q

An area in the brain that helps people use their emotional reactions to guide decision making and behaviour.

A

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

48
Q

The elements of language.

A

Phonemes, morphemes, phrases and sentences.

49
Q

The rules that govern the meanings of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences.

A

Semantics

50
Q

When answers to seemingly insoluble problems come to mind after the problem has been put aside.

A

Implicit problem solving

PSYC (3 decks)

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