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PSYC > Sensation And Perception > Flashcards

Sensation And Perception Flashcards

1
Q

The process by which sense organs gather information about the environment and transmit it to the brain for initial processing.

A

Sensation

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2
Q

The process by which the brain selects, organises and interprets sensations.

A

Perception

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3
Q

These three basic principles apply across all senses.

A

There is no one to one correspondence between physical and psychological reality.

Sensation and perception are active, not passive.

Sensory and perceptual processes reflect the impact of adaptive pressures over the course of evolution.

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4
Q

Sound travels in ____

A

Waves

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5
Q

Sound waves occur when a vibrating object sets — —- in motion

A

Air particles

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6
Q

Sound frequency is experienced as:

A

Pitch

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7
Q

This refers to the number of times air particles ____ per second.

A

Oscillate

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8
Q

The loudness of a sound reflects the height and depth, or _____ of a wave.

A

Amplitude

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9
Q

The number of cycles per second in a sound wave, expressed in hertz and responsible for the experience of pitch.

A

Frequency

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10
Q

The psychological property corresponding to the frequency of a sound wave, the quality of the tone from low to high.

A

Pitch

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11
Q

The difference between the minimum and maximum pressure levels in a sound wave. Measured in decibels, corresponding to the psychological property of loudness.

A

Amplitude

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12
Q

The part of the ear that collects and magnifies sound in the air.

A

The outer ear

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13
Q

The part of the ear that converts waves of air pressure into movements of tiny bones

A

Middle ear

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14
Q

The part of the ear that transforms the movements of the malleus, stapeus and incus into waves in fluid that generate neural signals.

A

Inner ear

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15
Q

The psychological properties of sound

A

Pitch, loudness, timbre

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16
Q

The psychological properties of vision

A

Hue, brightness, saturation

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17
Q

Light is a form of — —

A

Electromagnetic radiation

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18
Q

The two basic processes that occur in the eye:

A

Light focused on the retina by the cornea, pupil and lens.

The retina then converts this visual image into a code that the brain can read.

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19
Q

The neural pathway involved in eye movements.

A

Optic nerve
Superior colliculus in the midbrain

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20
Q

Passage of light signals from the optic nerve onwards.

A

Optic nerve, lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus, visual cortex in occipital lobe.

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21
Q

What is the ‘what’ pathway?

A

The pathway running from the striate cortex in the occipital lobes through the lower part of the temporal lobes, involved in determining what an object is.

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22
Q

What is the ‘where’ pathway?

A

The pathway running from the striate cortex through the middle and upper regions of the temporal lobes and up into the parietal lobes, involved in locating an object in space, following its movement and guiding movement towards it.

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23
Q

This theory states that the eye contains three types of receptors for red, green and blue.

A

Young-Helmholtz or trichromatic theory.

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24
Q

The colours and after-images we perceive reflect three antagonistic colour systems: blue-yellow, red-green, black-white.

A

Opponent-process theory

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25
Q

Transduction of smell

A

Olfaction

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26
Q

Where does olfaction occur?

A

Olfactory epithelium

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27
Q

Transduction of taste occurs in the:

A

Tastebuds

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28
Q

The —– senses register body position and movement.

A

Proprioceptive senses

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29
Q

What are the proprioceptive senses?

A

Vestibular sense and kinaesthesia

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30
Q

The process of converting stimulus information into neural impulses.

A

Transduction

31
Q

The minimum amount of energy needed for an observer to sense that a stimulus is present.

A

Absolute threshold

32
Q

The lowest level of stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred.

A

Difference threshold

33
Q

The tendency of sensory systems to respond less to stimuli that continue without change.

A

Sensory adaptation

34
Q

The process of integrating sensations into meaningful perceptual units.

A

Perceptual organisation

35
Q

The four aspects of perceptual organisation:

A

Form perception, depth perception, motion perception and perceptual constancy.

36
Q

The process of generating meaning from sensory experience.

A

Perceptual interpretation

37
Q

Perceptual processing that starts with raw sensory data that feed ‘up’ to the brain. What is perceived is determined largely by the features of the stimuli reaching the sense organs.

A

Bottom-up processing

38
Q

The influence of prior experience on perception. Perception that starts with the observer’s expectations and knowledge.

A

Top-down processing

39
Q

Specialised cells that respond to stimuli and generate action potentials in adjacent sensory neurons.

A

Sensory receptors

40
Q

The theory that states that experiencing a sensation means making a judgement about whether a stimulus is present or not.

A

Signal detection theory

41
Q

In signal detection theory, the participant’s readiness to report detecting a signal when uncertain.

A

Response bias

42
Q

The smallest difference in intensity between two stimuli that a person can detect.

A

Just noticeable difference

43
Q

The law that states that for two stimuli to be perceived as differing in intensity, the second must differ from the first by a constant proportion.

A

Weber’s law

44
Q

The subjective magnitude of a sensation grows as a proportion of the logarithm of the stimulus.

A

Fecher’s law

45
Q

The subjective intensity of a stimulus grows as a proportion of the actual intensity raised to some power.

A

Steven’s power law

46
Q

The tendency of sensory systems to respond less to ongoing stimuli.

A

Sensory adaptation

47
Q

The tendency of our brains to filter out and ignore intermittent stimuli.

A

Habituation

48
Q

The photoreceptor that picks up on black or white and is activated in dim light

A

Rod

49
Q

The photoreceptor that is designed for colour vision and the perception of fine detail.

A

Cones

50
Q

Neurons in the retina that combine information from many receptors and excite ganglion cells.

A

Bipolar cells

51
Q

The axons of these cells bundle together to form the optic nerve.

A

Ganglion cells

52
Q

Bundles of axons of ganglion cells which carries information from the retina to the brain.

A

Optic nerve

53
Q

The central region of the retina.

A

The fovea

54
Q

The point on the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye, which has no receptor cells.

A

Blind spot

55
Q

The higher the frequency, the higher the …

A

Pitch

56
Q

The texture of a sound.

A

Timbre

57
Q

A device that enables the deaf to hear by electrically stimulating the inner ear to produce sound sensations.

A

Cochlear implant

58
Q

These tiny hairs produce sound waves in the fluid of the Eustachian tubes.

A

Stereocilia

59
Q

A theory of pitch which proposes that different areas of the basilar membrane are maximally sensitive to different frequencies.

A

Place theory

60
Q

The theory of pitch that asserts that perceived pitch reflects the rate of vibration of the basilar membrane.

A

Frequency theory

61
Q

Distinguishing between the foreground and background.

A

Figure ground

62
Q

A rule of perception that states the brain tends to group similar objects together.

A

Similarity

63
Q

The theory that the brain tends to group objects together that are close to one another.

A

Proximity

64
Q

The brain organises stimuli into continuous lines or patterns rather than discontinuous elements.

A

Good continuatuon

65
Q

People tend to perceive the simplest pattern possible.

A

Simplicity

66
Q

People perceiving incomplete figures as complete.

A

Closure

67
Q

People perceiving and categorising objects by first breaking them down into elementary units.

A

Recognition by components

68
Q

Visual input integrated from two eyes that provide depth perception.

A

Binocular cues

69
Q

Visual input from one eye that contributes to depth perception.

A

Monocular cues

70
Q

When one object blocks part of another, we perceive the obstructed object as more distant. A monocular cue.

A

Interposition

71
Q

Nearby objects go fast, distant objects go slow. A monocular depth cue.

A

Motion parallax

72
Q

The illusion where two lines of equal length appear to differ in size.

A

Müller Lyer illusion

73
Q

The three types of perceptual constancy.

A

Shape constancy, colour constancy, size constancy

PSYC (3 decks)

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