Thorax-lungs-mediastinum (Gross) Flashcards
The manubrium has clavicular notch for the _________ joint.
sternoclavicular
The body of the sternum joins the manubrium at the ______ angle.
sternal
The xiphoid process is at the _____ point of the sternum.
lowest
The head of a rib articulates with __ vertebral body(ies) and __ vertebral disc(s).
2
1
The tubercle of a rib (near the head) articulates with what?
A transverse process of a vertebrae
The costal groove of the ribs is formed by what?
the intercostal artery, vein, and nerve
Lymphatics in the pectoral/breast region drain where?
They drain to the parasternal nodes and axillary nodes
What arteries supply the breast area?
The second, third, and fourth anterior perforating branches of the internal thoracic artery
What nerves supply cutaneous innervation to the breast area?
The lateral and anterior nerves of the 4th-6th intercostal nerves
Pectoralis major or minor is enveloped in calvipectoral fascia.
pectoralis minor
What are the three intercostal muscles from superficial to deep?
External
Internal
Innermost intercostal muscle
Where are the intercostal artery, vein, and nerve found?
In the costal groove along the inferior border of the rib
T/F there are collateral branches of the intercostal nerves and vessels?
True- they appear to come off quickly and descend to the superior surface of the next rib down
What is pleura?
Serous secreting membranes that reduce friction
What does the parietal pleura cover? What does visceral pleura cover? Are they both sensitive to pain?
The thoracic walls
The lungs
No- just the parietal pleura
Why is just the parietal pleura sensitive to pain?
Because of the intercostal and phrenic nerves that go through there. The visceral pleura doesn’t have any sensory nerve supply.
T/F the visceral an parietal pleura are discontinuous at the root of the lung?
False, they are continuous!
Where is the pleural cavity found?
Between the parietal and visceral pleura
Pleural cavities are dangerous because-?
can be come actual cavities that fill with fluid and compress the lungs, making it difficult to breath- these are visible on chest films
If you see an X-ray of a chest cavity that is partially obscured on one or both sides, what is that called?
pleural effusion
What is a pneumothorax?
the accumulation of air in the pleural cavity- the lung will collapse due to its own elasticity
What is a hemothorax?
The accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity that may cause adhesions and infection if not removed
What is pleurisy?
It is the inflammation of the pleura- can be very painful (for parietal pleura) and can lead to pleural adhesions
If there is fluid buildup in the pleural space, how do you get it out?
Via a pleural tap- you take a needle in between the 6th and 7th ribs (intercostally) and also between the intercostal arteries veins and nerves and their collaterals. This way you don’t pierce the diaphragm, liver, or spleen
The right lung has how many lobes?
The left lung?
Right- 3 lobes
Left- 2 lobes
What is the major fissure in the lungs that both sides have?
The oblique fissure (major)
What is the extra fissure that only the right lung has?
The horizontal fissure (minor)
What does the root of the lung do?
It connects the lung to the mediastinum- effectively anchoring it
Is the root of the lungs covered in pleura?
Yes
What does the root of the lung consist of?
Bronchi and pulmonary vessels
What is the pulmonary ligament associated with?
The inferior sleeve of the root of the lungs
The trachea splits into what?
2 primary bronchi
The primary bronchi split into what?
2-3 secondary (lobar) bronchi
The secondary bronchi split into what?
8-10 tertiary (segmental) bronchi
T/F the vagus nerve passes posteriorly to the roots of the lungs?
True
In relation to the root of the lungs, where does the phrenic nerve pass?
Anteriorly
Where do the pericardiacophrenic vessels run?
With the phrenic nerve
What do the bronchial arteries do?
Supply nutrients to bronchi and lungs
What is the mediastinum?
It is a broad central partition that separates 2 pleural cavities.
The mediastinum has how many divisions and extends from where to where?
4 divisions that go from the thoracic inlet to the diaphragm and from the sternum to the 12th thoracic vertebra
What is contained in the middle mediastinum? (4)
Pericardium and heart
Phrenic nerve applied to pericardium
Pericardiacophrenic vessels
Roots of great vessels to and from the heart
What is the pericardium?
It is a tough fibrous sac lined with a serous membrane that encloses the heart
What are the two portions of the pericardium?
Fibrous portion- attached to diaphragm inferiorly
Serous portion- divided into parietal and visceral layers
What are the 8 things that pierce the pericardium?
- Superior vena cava
- Inferior vena cava
- Aorta
- Pulmonary trunk
5-8. Right and Left pulmonary veins
What is inside the pericardium?
The pericardial sac with parietal and visceral/serous layers (and a pericardial cavity in between them) and inside that lies the heart
What is pericardial effusion?
It is the accumulation of excess fluid in the pericardial cavity
What is the result of pericardial effusion?
The heart is compressed- this is common with congestive heart failure
What is a hemopericardium? How do you get one?
Accumulation of blood in the pericardial cavity
Associated with penetrating heart wounds or perforated heart muscles following myocardial infarction
Arterial bleeding into the pericardial cavity leads to what?
A cardiac tamponade- compression of the heart and roots of great vessels
