Thorax Lecture and Embryology

Question 1

Location of trachea

Answer 1

cricoid cartilage to T5 (bifurcation at carina)

Question 2

quiet inspiration

Answer 2

longitudinal expansion of diaphragm

Question 3

forced inspiration

Answer 3

ribs move up due to contraction of external intercostals and diaphragm

Question 4

quiet expiration

Answer 4

elastic recoil

Question 5

forced expiration

Answer 5

intercostal and abdominal muscles shift abdominal contents upward to reduce volume

Question 6

transverse process

Answer 6

articulates w tubercle on rib

Question 7

articular facet

Answer 7

synovial joints bw adjacent vertebrae

Question 8

1,9-12

Answer 8

only 1 articular facet on body

Question 9

11&12

Answer 9

no articular facet on transverse process

Question 10

trophoblast

Answer 10

placenta/chorion (syncytio spreads within uterine wall, cyto becomes outer lining)

Question 11

blastocoele

Answer 11

the fluid-filled cavity of a blastula

Question 12

zona pellucida

Answer 12

glycoproteins in outer covering

Question 13

embryoblast

Answer 13

inner cell mass

Question 14

morula

Answer 14

16 cell mass

Question 15

epiblast

Answer 15

the outermost layer of an embryo before it differentiates into ectoderm and mesoderm.

Question 16

gastrulation

Answer 16

bilaminar –> trilaminar disc

Question 17

primitive streak

Answer 17

proliferating epiblast cells (hypoblast cells are replaced and lined)

Question 18

neural crest

Answer 18

epithelial to mesenchymal cells

Question 19

trunk
head
placodes

Answer 19

pigment, schwann, adrenal medulla
cartilage and bone
special sensation (surface ectoderm)

Question 20

intermediate mesoderm

Answer 20

urogenital system

Question 21

paraxial schlerotome

Answer 21

axial skeleton, vertebral column, ribs

Question 22

paraxial dermatome

Answer 22

dermis

Question 23

paraxial myotome

Answer 23

skeletal muscle (epaxial dorsal, hypaxial ventral)

Question 24

lateral mesoderm

Answer 24

parietal: adheres to ectoderm (somatopleure)
visceral: adheres to endoderm (splanchopleure)
intraembryonic coelem: pericardium, pleura, peritonium

Question 25

buccopharyngeal membrane

Answer 25

breaks down to form mouth

Question 26

cloacal membrane

Answer 26

membrane that covers the embryonic cloaca during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It is formed by ectoderm and endoderm coming into contact with each other.

Question 27

vitelline duct

Answer 27

narrowing of yolk sac into the embryo

Question 28

heart moves _______ during embryonic folding

Answer 28

under and caudal to oropharyngeal membrane

Question 29

lateral folding and cephalocaudal

Answer 29

somitogenesis and elab of neural ectoderm

Question 30

endoderm

Answer 30

epitheliam lining of gut, liver, gall bladder, parenchyma of thyroid, parathyroid, stroma of tonsils/thymus

Question 31

fetal pd vs. emryonic pd

Answer 31

weeks 9-38, weeks 1-8

Question 32

teratology

Answer 32

congenital abnormalities