Thorax Cardiac Flashcards
draw a heart on VD with all the different chambers and stuff!!!
draw the heat chambers on a lateral radiograph
draw how to calculate vertebral heart score
what is an average VHS for dogs and for cats?
dogs: 9.7 +/- 0.5 (usually 2 standard deviations is acceptable according to romero so up to 10.7 is ok???)
cats: should be less than 8
what is VHS good for?
identifying enlargement and monitoring change over time
what is the 2/3:1/2 rule, and what is the 25:50:25 rule? draw it and explain it
which is visible on a radiograph: hypertrophy or dilation?
dilation because it actually increases the overall total volume of the heart. hypertrophy is thickened walls, so this doesn’t show up on radiograph because soft tissue and fluid is the same opacity
list some examples of conditions that cause left sided cardiac enlargement
myxomatous valvular degernation (mitral valve)
aortic stenosis
HCM
restrictive CM
PDA
VSD
what does it mean when the trachea and vertebrae are parallel on a radigraph?
they are normally not parallel with each other, this means there is cardiac enlargement, especially left ventricular/atrial
interpret ya dinkus
the trachea is parallel to the vertebrae, which means the heart is enlarged, particularily the left ventricle (and some atrial too)
interpret
left ventricular enlargement
wot
left atrial enlargement, loss of cardiac waist
wot
the left auricle is forming a little bump, indicating there is left auricular/atrial enlargement
wot??
arrows are pointing to the enlarged left atrium, this creates the bow legged cowboy (lateral deviation of the primary bronchi
true or false: right sided enlargement is less common than left sided enlargement
true
when the heart is tall on a VD it means….
when a heart is wide on VD it means….
tall: left side is enlarged
wide: right side is enlarged
list 4 conditions that may cuase right sided cardiac enlargement
- pulmonic stenosis
- tricuspid dysplasia
- heartworm
- pulmonary hypertension
what pathology is seen here?
the heart is big, there is increased sternal contact, and the pulmonary vasculature is small. this is pulmonic stenosis
wot
the right atrium is enlarged, this is often associated with tricuspid dysplasia
what is this and what two things is it associated with?
main pulmonary artery enlargement, associated with pulmonic stenosis or right ventricular dysfunction
if the pulmonary VEINS are bigger than the pulmonary ARTERIES…then? It may be helpful to draw the pulmonary blood flow
there is venous hypertension, like with mitral valve disease.
if the pulmonary ARTERIES are bigger than the veins…then?
there is pulmonary hypertension, like with heartworm or pulmonary fibrosis
what are 3 reasons that both the pulmonary veins and arteries would be enlarged?
- a shunt from left to right (PDA, VSD)
- fluid overload like with CHF
- fluid retention
what are two reasons why the pulmonary arteries and veins would be small and wimpy?
- dehydration
- decreased right ventricular output
what pathology is here and what conditions could this patient have?
the pulmonary vein is enlarged, meanign there is venous hypertension, so this dog could have mitral valve disease. there is possibly some left atrial enlargement too, I don’t know
what pathology is here and what conditions could this patient have?
the pulmonary artery is bigger than the pulmonary vein, which means there is pulmonary hypertension, like with heartworm or pulmonary fibrosis
what pathology is here and what conditions could this patient have?
both the pulmonary vein and artery is enlarged, so this patient could have a shunt (PDA, VSD) or fluid overload like with CHF, or fluid retention
what is going on here yo and what could cause this look my brotha??
generalized cardiac enlargement, globoid heart
could be pericardial effusion, DCM, or end stage mitral valve disese
pulmonary edema happens with ____ sided heart failure
pleural effusion happens with _____ sided heart failure
left
right
in dogs with left sided heart failure, pulmonary edema is usually seen in what area?
the perihilar region (this rule is not always followed)
in cats with left sided heart failure, where will see pulmonary edema?
cats do NOT FOLLOW THE STUPID RULES! it can be perihilar or literally anywhere, they can also have pleural effusion
if you see what you think is pulmonary edema on one view, does this mean the patient for sure has pulmonary edema?
no you need to do an orthoganal view to confirm it’s not fake
what pathology is seen here?
the heart is big, and you can see some interstitial to alveolar pattern in the perihilar region of the lungs which is indicative of pulmonary edema
