Thorax Cardiac

Question 1

draw a heart on VD with all the different chambers and stuff!!!

Answer 1

Question 2

draw the heat chambers on a lateral radiograph

Answer 2

Question 3

draw how to calculate vertebral heart score

Answer 3

Question 4

what is an average VHS for dogs and for cats?

Answer 4

dogs: 9.7 +/- 0.5 (usually 2 standard deviations is acceptable according to romero so up to 10.7 is ok???)
cats: should be less than 8

Question 5

what is VHS good for?

Answer 5

identifying enlargement and monitoring change over time

Question 6

what is the 2/3:1/2 rule, and what is the 25:50:25 rule? draw it and explain it

Answer 6

Question 7

which is visible on a radiograph: hypertrophy or dilation?

Answer 7

dilation because it actually increases the overall total volume of the heart. hypertrophy is thickened walls, so this doesn’t show up on radiograph because soft tissue and fluid is the same opacity

Question 8

list some examples of conditions that cause left sided cardiac enlargement

Answer 8

myxomatous valvular degernation (mitral valve)
aortic stenosis
HCM
restrictive CM
PDA
VSD

Question 9

what does it mean when the trachea and vertebrae are parallel on a radigraph?

Answer 9

they are normally not parallel with each other, this means there is cardiac enlargement, especially left ventricular/atrial

Question 10

interpret ya dinkus

Answer 10

the trachea is parallel to the vertebrae, which means the heart is enlarged, particularily the left ventricle (and some atrial too)

Question 11

interpret

Answer 11

left ventricular enlargement

Question 12

wot

Answer 12

left atrial enlargement, loss of cardiac waist

Question 13

wot

Answer 13

the left auricle is forming a little bump, indicating there is left auricular/atrial enlargement

Question 14

wot??

Answer 14

arrows are pointing to the enlarged left atrium, this creates the bow legged cowboy (lateral deviation of the primary bronchi

Question 15

true or false: right sided enlargement is less common than left sided enlargement

Answer 15

true

Question 16

when the heart is tall on a VD it means….
when a heart is wide on VD it means….

Answer 16

tall: left side is enlarged
wide: right side is enlarged

Question 17

list 4 conditions that may cuase right sided cardiac enlargement

Answer 17

• pulmonic stenosis
• tricuspid dysplasia
• heartworm
• pulmonary hypertension

Question 18

what pathology is seen here?

Answer 18

the heart is big, there is increased sternal contact, and the pulmonary vasculature is small. this is pulmonic stenosis

Question 19

wot

Answer 19

the right atrium is enlarged, this is often associated with tricuspid dysplasia

Question 20

what is this and what two things is it associated with?

Answer 20

main pulmonary artery enlargement, associated with pulmonic stenosis or right ventricular dysfunction

Question 21

if the pulmonary VEINS are bigger than the pulmonary ARTERIES…then? It may be helpful to draw the pulmonary blood flow

Answer 21

there is venous hypertension, like with mitral valve disease.

Question 22

if the pulmonary ARTERIES are bigger than the veins…then?

Answer 22

there is pulmonary hypertension, like with heartworm or pulmonary fibrosis

Question 23

what are 3 reasons that both the pulmonary veins and arteries would be enlarged?

Answer 23

• a shunt from left to right (PDA, VSD)
• fluid overload like with CHF
• fluid retention

Question 24

what are two reasons why the pulmonary arteries and veins would be small and wimpy?

Answer 24

• dehydration
• decreased right ventricular output

Question 25

what pathology is here and what conditions could this patient have?

Answer 25

the pulmonary vein is enlarged, meanign there is venous hypertension, so this dog could have mitral valve disease. there is possibly some left atrial enlargement too, I don’t know

Question 26

what pathology is here and what conditions could this patient have?

Answer 26

the pulmonary artery is bigger than the pulmonary vein, which means there is pulmonary hypertension, like with heartworm or pulmonary fibrosis

Question 27

what pathology is here and what conditions could this patient have?

Answer 27

both the pulmonary vein and artery is enlarged, so this patient could have a shunt (PDA, VSD) or fluid overload like with CHF, or fluid retention

Question 28

what is going on here yo and what could cause this look my brotha??

Answer 28

generalized cardiac enlargement, globoid heart
could be pericardial effusion, DCM, or end stage mitral valve disese

Question 29

pulmonary edema happens with ____ sided heart failure
pleural effusion happens with _____ sided heart failure

Answer 29

left
right

Question 30

in dogs with left sided heart failure, pulmonary edema is usually seen in what area?

Answer 30

the perihilar region (this rule is not always followed)

Question 31

in cats with left sided heart failure, where will see pulmonary edema?

Answer 31

cats do NOT FOLLOW THE STUPID RULES! it can be perihilar or literally anywhere, they can also have pleural effusion

Question 32

if you see what you think is pulmonary edema on one view, does this mean the patient for sure has pulmonary edema?

Answer 32

no you need to do an orthoganal view to confirm it’s not fake

Question 33

what pathology is seen here?

Answer 33

the heart is big, and you can see some interstitial to alveolar pattern in the perihilar region of the lungs which is indicative of pulmonary edema