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VETM 445 > Abdomen Part 3 > Flashcards

Abdomen Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

should you be able to see the adrenal glands normally on a radiograph?

A

NO, you may only see them if there is mineralization, neoplasia, or enlargement

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2
Q

what is going on here bruh??

A

there is a mineralized adrenal mass. on the VD the mass is seen just left to the spine, and on the lateral, you can see a crescent shape opacity adjacent to the left kidney.

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3
Q

can you normally see the pancreas on a radiograph?

A

no!

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4
Q

point out the pancreas on this radiograph

A
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5
Q

what are some reasons why you would examine the kidneys radiographically?

A
  • incontinence
  • hematuria, polyruia, oliguria
  • urolithiasis
  • urethral obstruction
  • abnormal on palpation
  • test for renal function
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6
Q

behold the normal kidneys. which is which?

A

left kidney more caudal, right kidney more cranial

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7
Q

what are 4 reasons you could have a big kidney with normal shape and margination?

A
  • compensatory hypertrophy
  • round cell neoplasia
  • hydronephrosis
  • amyloidosis
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8
Q

what are 4 reasons you could have a large kidney with an irregular shape and margin?

A
  • neoplasia
  • hematoma/trauma
  • cyst
  • abscess
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9
Q

what are two reasons you would have a small kidney with an irregular shape and margin?

A
  • end stage renal disease
  • dysplasia
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10
Q

what are 4 reasons for a kidney that is normal size, but with irregular shape and margin?

A
  • infarction
  • abscess
  • chronic pyelonephritis
  • polycystic renal disease
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11
Q

what is going on here?

A

enlarged kidney, renal carcinoma

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12
Q

what is going on here?

A

there is one tiny kidney and one huge kidney: compensatory hypertrophy

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13
Q

what is going on here?

A

the kidneys, both, are enlarged. this is lymphoma

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14
Q

what is going on here?

A

one of the kidneys appears large and absnormally shaped, very circular, and there are small white opacities which are probably stones. this is hydronephrosis secondary to obstructive uropathy

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15
Q

when doing an excretory urogram, when should you examine each part of the urinary tract?

A

nephrogram-2mins
pyelogram-20mins
cystogram-40mins

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16
Q

what are 4 things you should do to preapre for an excretory urogram?

A
  • correct any hydration deficits
  • enemas (no poo poo in the way)
  • fasting
  • maintaining the IV catheter in case renal function declines due to the contrast medium (this is rare but can happen)
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17
Q

what are some contraindications for an excretory urogram?

A

azotemia and dehydration

18
Q

you are doing an excretory urogram and you see this when you take rads at 40 minutes. what does this tell you?

A

the contrast medium is leaking into the retroperitoneal space, there is a ruptured ureter!

19
Q

you are doing an excretory urogram and you see this. what does this tell you?

A

it looks like the medium is going from the ureters and skipping the bladder. this is ectopic ureters

20
Q

why would you do a cystorgaphy with POSITIVE contrast medium?

A
  • to check for bladder rupture
  • to confirm the bladder’s location
  • to see if there is a space occupying luminal mass
21
Q

when would you do a cystography with negative contrast medium?

A
  • to check for ectopic ureters
  • honestly, this is rarely used
22
Q

are all urinary crystals visible on radiographs?

A

NO! some are not radiopague!

23
Q

does a normal radiographic bladder rule out a bladder mass or bladder stones?

A

NOOOOOOOO

24
Q

how many views do you need to assess the urethra?

A

multiple, NOT JUST ONE!

25
Q

can you normally see the prostate?

A

in castrated dogs no

26
Q

find the prostate and find the bladder :)

A

if I need to check, I have them both circled on slide 145

27
Q

what are 4 general causes of an enlarged uterus?

A
  • pyometra
  • mucometra
  • hydrometra
  • early pregnancy
28
Q

what are some radiographical signs of pyometra?

A
  • tubular soft tissue opacities along the caudal lateral body walls on VD
  • tubular soft tissue opacity between the colon and the bladder on lateral view (not always seen!)
  • displacement of the small intestines cranially
  • loss of serosal detail in the caudal abdomen
29
Q

what is going on here?

A

you can see tubular soft tissue opacities along the caudal lateral body wall and loss of serosal detail caudally, this is pyometra

30
Q

what is this?

A

pyometra apparently…I struggle seeing it

31
Q

at what post breeding day is there mineralization of fetuses in the dog and in the cat?

A

cat: 38 days post breeding
dog: 42 days post breeding

32
Q

in the dog, uterine enlargement/pregnancy is detectable radiographically at approx ______ after ovulation

A

30 days

33
Q

in the dog, the uterus becomes involuted and can be rechecked at_____

A

38-45 days

34
Q

the gestational sacs are identifiable in the dog in the uterus _______

A

30 -40 days after ovulation

35
Q

in the cat, uterine enlargement/pregnancy is identifiable on radiographs at ______

A

25-30 days of gestation

36
Q

in general, the earliest time for an ultrasound assessment for pregnancy is

A

25-30 days of gestation, with heartbeats more likely to be heard closer to 30 days

37
Q

in general, the fetal heart rate should be _____ times that of the bitch or queen

A

1.5-2

38
Q

what are some radiographic signs of fetal death?

A
  • small misshapen skull
  • fetuses are smaller than the others
  • straightening of the spine
  • emphysema and gas within the vasculature
39
Q

are radiographs useful for identifying dystocia?

A
  • not good for determining maternal factors BUT can be useful for fetal factors like: positioning relative to the pelvic canal
40
Q

if you take a radiograph of a dog having difficulty giving birth, and there is NO fetus lodged in the pelvic canal, what should you consider?

A

uterine inertia: Failure of the uterus to contract with normal strength, duration, and intervals during childbirth

VETM 445 (13 decks)

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