Spine and Skull Flashcards
with oblique views of the skull, why do we use 2 markers, and how are they used?
the markers are used to describe which side of the maxillae/mandible is highlighted, so if the right maxillae was highlighted, the R would be on the top of the image, and the left mandible highlighted, the L would be on the bottom of the image.
how is the dog laying? what do the markers mean?
the markers mean that the left maxillary arcade is highlighted, and the riht mandibular arcade is being highlighted, so the dog is in left lateral with the mandibles elevated. this view is called “open mouth right 20 degree ventral-left dorsal”
true or false: skull trauma is often seen on radiographs and fairly easy to identify
false! skull trauma is oten not visible on radiographs and you ideally need a CT
what are thevertebral column forumlas for dog/cat, horse, and cow?
dog/cat: C7 T13 L7 S3
horse: C7 T18 L6 S5
cow: C7 T13 L6 S5
true or false: anesthesia/marked sedation is usually not required for proper positioning to acquire spinal radiographs
false!
if you suspect a neurological deficit of the spine, and you take rads as a general screening and see nothing, what should you do?
send for CT and/or MRI
the ____ spine tends to be more elongated with a squared off appearance as compared to the _____ spine
every vertebral disc is separated by an intervertebral disc except which 3?
C1-2, S1-S2, S2-S3
which intervertebral disc space is NORMALLY narrower, relatively, to the other cervical disc spaces?
C2-C3
______ is known as the anticlinal disc space (normal anatomy) which is the narrowest disc space in the _____
T10-T11
thoracolumbar spine
can IVDD happen cranial to T10-T11?
yes, but it is way less common because cranial to T10-T11 there is a “intercapital ligament” that crosses the vertebral canal and sort of holds it in place, preventing the herniation of the disc into the canal
true or false: ony the disc spaces in the center of the rad are truly representative
true! towards the edge of the image the disc spaces appear artificially narrowed due to beam divergence
what ar the 5 signs of IVDD on a rad?
- calcification/mineralization of the disc
- narrowing of the disc space
- increased opacity of the transverse foramen (disc protruding and compressing)
- change in size/shape of the IV foramen (depending on where the disc is compressing)
- narrowing of the facet joint (where spine touches spine)
what pathology is seen here?
calcification of the IV disc
what pathology is seen here?
calcification of the IV disc
what pathology is seen here?
calcification of the IV disc
behold the diagram. study it for at least 20 seconds
yay herniation
what pathology is seen here?
narrowing of the disc space and increase in opacity, mild mineralization, between T13 and L1
please remind yourself what an intervertebral foramen is
please continue to girlboss, thank you
what pathology is seen here?
narrowing of the disc space
what main pathology is seen here?
increase in opacity and narrowing of the intervertabral foramen
what pathology is happening here?
narrowing of disc space between L2 and L3, and increased opacity and narrowing of the intervertebral foramen
what pathology is seen here?
mineralized disc material in the disc space between L7 and S1, this is IVDD
