Thorax and Lungs ch 18 Flashcards
Alveoli
functional units of lungs, where gas exchange occurs with surrounding capillaries.
Angle of Louis
manubriosternal angle, ariculation of the manubrium and body of the sternum, continuous with 2nd rib
Asthma
abnormal resp. condition related to hypersentivity to inhaled allergens. Characterized by bronchospasm, wheezing, and dyspnea.
Atelectasis
abnormal resp condition characterized by collapsed, shrunken, delfated section of alveoli
Bronchiole
one of the smaller resp pathways into which the segmental bronchi divide
Bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi with partial obstruction of bronchi due to excessive secretion
Bronchophony
spoken voice sound heard through the stethoscope, which sounds soft, muffled, and indistinct over nml lung tissue
Bronchovesicular
normal breath sound heard over major bronchi, charzd by moderate pitch and equal duration of inspirtn and expirtn
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
category of abnormal resp conditions charzd by airflow obstruction (e.g., emphysema, chronic bronchitis)
Cilia
million of hairlike cells lining the tracheobronchial tree. pushes mucus out of trachea.
Consolidation
solidification of portions of lung tissue as it fills up with infectious exudate, as in pneumonia
Crackles
(rales) abnormal, discontinuous, adventitious lung sounds heard on inspiration.
Crepitus
coars, crackling sensation palpable over the skin when air abnormally escapes from the lung and enters the subcutaneous tissue
Dead space
passageways that transport air but are not available for gaseous exchange, like the bronchi or trachea
Egophony
voice sound of “EEEEEE” heard through stethoscope
Emphysema
COPD charzd by enlargement of alveoli distal to terminal bronchioles
Fissure
narrow crack dividing the lobes of the lungs
Fremitus
palpable vibration felt over chest wall when patient speaks
Friction rub
a coarse, grating, adventitious lung sound heard when the pleurae are inflamed
Hypercapnia
increased lvls of CO2 in the blood
Kussmaul Respiration
type of hyperventilation that occurs with diabetic ketoacidosis
Orthopnea
difficulty breathing when lying supine/flat
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
sudden awakening from sleeping with SOB
Pleural effusion
abnormal fluid b/w the layers of the pleua
Rhonchi
low-pitched, musical, snoring, adventitious lung sound caused by airflow obstruction from secretions
Vesicular
soft, low-pitched, normal breath sounds heard over peripheral lung fields
Vital Capacity
amount of air that can be exhaled following maximal inspiration
Wheeze
high-pitched, musical, squeaking adventitious lung sound
Whispered pectoriloquy
faint and inaudible sound (over nml lung tissue) made when patient whispers
Costochondral junctions
point where ribs meet cartilage, not nmlly palpable
Suprasternal Notch
hollow u-shaped depression just above the sternum
Describe the method of counting intercostal spaces
Each intercostal space is numbered by the rib above it.
Costal angle
angle made b/w right and left costal margins. Usually 90 degrees. increases when overinflated (emphysema)
mediastinum
in the middle of the thoracic cavity, houses the esophagus, trachea, heart and great vessels
Pleual cavities
on the sides of the mediastinum, house the rt and lt lungs
Visceral Pleura
lines the outside of the lungs, dips down into fissures
Parietal Pleura
lines the inside of the chest wall and diaphragm
Costodiaphragmatic recess
where the pleurae extend 3 cm below lvl of lungs and create a potential space. Abnormal air or fluid in here could prevent lung expansion.
Acinus
funtional respiratory unit comprised of: bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
Normal stimulus to breath is an….
increase in C02 levels in the blood
Surfactant
lipid substance needed for sustained inflation of the air sacs.
Hemoptysis
ejection of blood when coughing
Rust colored sputum can indicate what?
tuberculosis or pneumococcal pneumonia
Chest pain with breathing could be due to what?
muscle soreness from coughing, or from inflammed pleura from pneumonia.
The ratio of anteroposterior to transverse diameter is?
1:2 to 5:7
Barrel chest
when anteroposterior diameter=transverse diameter. ribs horizontal, chest appears hyperinflated. Occurs in chronic emphysema
Give indicators of assessing a patient who has COPD?
hypertrophied neck muscles, person leaning forward with arms braced against knees. tense, strained face, pursed lips when breathing, forced expiration with accessory muscles.
Unequal chest expansion occurs with what?
atelectasis, lobar pneumonia, pleural effusion, thoracic trauma, pneumothorax
Resonance
low-pitched, clear, hollow sound that predominates in healthy lung tissue in the adult.
Hyperresonance
lower-pitched, booming sound found when too much air is present in lungs. Accompanies emphysema or pneumothorax
Dull (sound)
soft, muffled thud. Sign of abnormally dense lungs. Occurs with pneumonia, pleural diffusion, atelectasis, or tumor.
Adventitious sounds
added sounds, NOT NORMALLY heard when auscultating lungs, examples are crackles or wheezes.
Atelectatic crackles
type of adventitious sound that is not pathologic. Described as short, popping, crackling sounds that disappear after a few breaths or after a cough
Pleural Friction fremitus
palpable gratin sensation with breathing
Unequal chest expansion occurs with?
an obstructed or collapsed lung (like with pneumonia), or when guarding
Diaphragmatic excursion
3-5cm measurement between the lower lung border made after inspiration and then again after expiration. should be equal bilaterally.
