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ANATOMY 403 EXAM 2 > THORAX, ABDOMEN, & UPPER LIMB > Flashcards

THORAX, ABDOMEN, & UPPER LIMB Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure and function of the thoracic wall.

A

The thoracic wall consists of the sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and thoracic vertebrae. It protects thoracic organs and assists in respiration by expanding and contracting during breathing.

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2
Q

Describe the location and numbering of intercostal spaces.

A

Intercostal spaces are located between adjacent ribs and are numbered according to the rib forming the superior boundary of the space.

11 intercostal spaces

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3
Q

12 pairs of ribs

A

True ribs (vertebrosternal): 1-6/7 (directly attach to sternum)
False ribs (vertebrochondral): 7/8-9/10 (indirectly attach thru cartilage)
Floating ribs: 10/11-12 (do not attach)

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4
Q

Describe the structures that form the costal margin.

A

The costal margin is formed by the medial borders of the lower ribs (7-10) and their costal cartilages.

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5
Q

Identify the parts and features of the sternum.

A

The sternum consists of three parts: the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. It articulates with the clavicles and the ribs.

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6
Q

Describe the distinguishing characteristics of thoracic vertebrae.

A

Thoracic vertebrae have distinguishing characteristics, including costal facets for rib articulation, long spinous processes, and heart-shaped bodies.

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7
Q

Describe the articulation points between ribs and thoracic vertebrae.

A

Ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae at two points: the costovertebral joint (rib head with vertebral body) and the costotransverse joint (rib tubercle with transverse process).

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8
Q

Distinguish external and internal intercostal muscles and their main actions.

A

External intercostal muscles elevate the ribs for inspiration, while internal intercostal muscles depress the ribs for forced expiration.

External direction - in pocket (inferomedial; towards midline)

Internal direction- perpendicular or opposite (inferolatrtal; towards lateral)

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9
Q

Describe the location, action, and innervation of the diaphragm.

A

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It contracts to facilitate inspiration and is innervated by the phrenic nerve.

*inspiration

C3,C4,C5 keep the diaphragm alive (make up phrenic nerve)

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10
Q

Describe the structures that pass through openings in the diaphragm.

A

The diaphragm has three major openings:

the caval opening for the inferior vena cava

the esophageal hiatus for the esophagus

aortic hiatus for the aorta.

Also CN X vagus nerve

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11
Q

Describe the bones of the abdominal region.

A

The abdominal region includes the lumbar vertebrae, the iliac bones, and the pubic bones.

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12
Q

Describe the distinguishing characteristics of lumbar vertebrae.

A

Lumbar vertebrae have large, kidney-shaped bodies, short spinous processes, and lack costal facets.

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13
Q

Identify the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall and their main actions.

A

The anterolateral abdominal wall consists of the external oblique (fibers run in pocket), internal oblique (fibers run wash your wash), and transversus abdominis DEEPEST (horizontal fibers) muscles, which function to compress the abdominal contents and flex the trunk.

Flexion, rotation, lateral flexion

Action - compression

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14
Q

Describe the location and make-up of the rectus sheath.

A

The rectus sheath is formed by the aponeuroses of the anterolateral abdominal muscles and encloses the rectus abdominis muscle.

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15
Q

Describe the linea alba.

A

The linea alba is a midline fibrous structure running from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis.

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16
Q

Identify the rectus abdominis m. and describe its attachments, actions, and tendinous
intersections.

A

The rectus abdominis muscle attaches to the pubic symphysis and xiphoid process and functions in trunk flexion. It has tendinous intersections creating the “six-pack” appearance.

Flexion of trunk and compression of abdominal viscera

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17
Q

Conceptualize the layout of the upper limb including the location of bones, joints, and muscle groups.

A

The upper limb consists of the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges, with associated joints and muscle groups controlling movement.

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18
Q

Review the terminal branches of the brachial plexus.

A

musculocutaneous - anterior arm

median - anterior forearm and hand

radial - posterior arm and forearm

ulnar - anterior forearm and hand

axillary - deltoid

Long thoracic - serratus anterior

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19
Q

Distinguish features of anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces of the scapula.

A

Anterior : Coracoid process

Posterior : spine of scapula, acromion

Lateral : glenoid cavity

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20
Q

Distinguish features of anterior and posterior surfaces of the proximal humerus.

A

lesser tubercle, greater tubercle, intertubercular sulcus, head, anatomical neck/surgical neck

Innervated by axillary nerve

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21
Q

Identify the nerve that is associated with the surgical neck of the humerus.

A

The axillary nerve is associated with the surgical neck of the humerus.

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22
Q

Describe the bones and joints that form the pectoral girdle. What is its function?

A

The pectoral girdle consists of the scapula and clavicle, providing mobility and structural support for the upper limb.

Sternoclavicular + acromioclavicular + glenohumeral

Synovial joint complex

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23
Q

Distinguish the sternal and acromial ends of the clavicle.

A

The clavicle has a sternal end articulating with the sternum and an acromial end articulating with the scapula.

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24
Q

Describe the movements of the scapula within the pectoral girdle.

A

Scapular movements include elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, upward rotation, and downward rotation.

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25
Describe the movements of the glenohumeral joint.
The glenohumeral joint allows movements such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, and lateral rotation.
26
Describe the bones and labrum of the glenohumeral joint.
The glenohumeral joint consists of the humeral head, glenoid cavity, and glenoid labrum, which deepens the socket.
27
Describe the group of muscles that support the glenohumeral joint.
The rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis) support the glenohumeral joint.
28
Identify the extrinsic (anterior and posterior axio-appendicular) muscles of the shoulder.
Extrinsic shoulder muscles include anterior (pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, subclavius) and posterior (trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboids, levator scapulae) muscles.
29
Describe the actions of the extrinsic muscles of the shoulder.
Extrinsic shoulder muscles perform actions such as arm flexion, extension, abduction, and rotation.
30
Identify the muscle that attaches to the coracoid process.
The coracoid process serves as an attachment site for the pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis, and short head of the biceps brachii.
31
Identify the muscle that attaches to the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus.
The latissimus dorsi attaches to the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus.
32
Identify the muscle that is innervated by the long thoracic n.
The serratus anterior is innervated by the long thoracic nerve.
33
Identify the muscle that is innervated by CN XI: accessory n.
The trapezius is innervated by the accessory nerve (CN XI).
34
Identify the actions of the intrinsic shoulder (scapulohumeral) muscles.
Intrinsic shoulder (scapulohumeral) muscles include the deltoid, teres major, and rotator cuff muscles.
35
Describe the heads of deltoid.
Anterior/clavicular : flexion and medial rotation Middle/acromial : abduction Posterior/spinal : extension and lateral rotation
36
Identify the muscle that is innervated by the axillary n.
The axillary nerve innervates the deltoid muscle.
37
Identify the muscles that are attached to the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus.
Muscles attached to the greater tubercle include the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor. (posterior.) The subscapularis attaches to the lesser tubercle. (Anterior.)
38
Describe the bursae that are associated with rotator cuff muscle tendons.
The subacromial/ subdeltoid bursae : facilitates movement of supraspinatus tendon Subscapular bursa: facilitates movement between neck of scapula and subscapular tendon, communicates with joint cavity reduce friction between tendons and bones of the shoulder.
39
Distinguish features of anterior and posterior surfaces of the distal humerus.
The distal humerus features include the capitulum, trochlea, medial and lateral epicondyles, coronoid fossa, and olecranon fossa.
40
Identify the nerve that is associated with the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
The ulnar nerve is associated with the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
41
Distinguish features of the proximal radius and ulna.
The proximal radius includes the head, neck, and radial tuberosity. The ulna features the olecranon, trochlear notch, and coronoid process.
42
Describe the 3 joints that are contained within the joint capsule of the elbow.
The elbow joint consists of the humeroulnar, humeroradial, and proximal radioulnar joints.
43
Describe the types of movements that occur at the joints of the elbow.
Movements at the elbow joint include flexion, extension, pronation, and supination.
44
Describe the ligaments that support the joints of the elbow.
Ligaments supporting the elbow include the ulnar collateral, radial collateral, and annular ligaments.
45
Identify the moving bone in supination and pronation.
The radius moves around the ulna during supination and pronation.
46
Describe the actions and innervations of the arm muscles.
The arm muscles (biceps brachii, brachialis, and triceps brachii) perform flexion and extension at the elbow.
47
Identify the muscle that attaches to the radial tuberosity.
The biceps brachii attaches to the radial tuberosity.
48
Identify the muscle that attaches to the coronoid process of the ulna.
The brachialis attaches to the coronoid process of the ulna.
49
Identify the muscle that attaches to the olecranon of the ulna.
The triceps brachii attaches to the olecranon of the ulna and has long, lateral, and medial heads.
50
Identify the 3 heads of triceps brachii m.
Triceps brachii heads: Long head, lateral head, and medial head.
51
Distinguish features of the distal radius and ulna.
The distal radius features the styloid process and ulnar notch, while the distal ulna has the head and styloid process.
52
Identify the carpal bones in the proximal and distal rows.
The carpal bones are arranged in two rows: proximal (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform) and distal (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate).
53
Describe the bones and articular disc of the radiocarpal joint.
The radiocarpal joint consists of the radius, scaphoid, lunate, and an articular disc.
54
Describe the numbering and location of the metacarpals in the hand.
Metacarpals are numbered 1-5 from thumb to little finger and articulate with carpals and phalanges.
55
Describe the types of phalanges and how many are in each digit.
Phalanges include proximal, middle (except in the thumb), and distal segments.
56
Describe the carpometacarpal, metocarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints.
CMC joint (thumb)- saddle joint (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and opposition) CMC joints of the other fingers (2nd-5th) - plane synovial joints MCP- condyloid PIP- hinge DIP- hinge
57
Describe the difference in the carpometacarpal joint of digit 1 compared to others.
The first carpometacarpal joint is a saddle joint, allowing opposition and a greater range of motion than other carpometacarpal joints.
58
Describe the actions of the thumb including the plane that they occur within.
flexion, extension (frontal) abduction, adduction (sagittal) opposition, repostion (frontalish)
59
Identify the muscles in the forearm within each layer: anterior
Superficial Layer - originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus (common flexor tendon): Pronator teres – pronation of the forearm Flexor carpi radialis (FCR) – wrist flexion & radial deviation Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) – wrist flexion & ulnar deviation Intermediate Layer : Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) – flexes PIP joints of digits 2-5 Deep Layer: Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) – flexes DIP joints of digits 2-5 Pronator quadratus – pronation of the forearm
60
Identify the muscles in the forearm within each layer: posterior
Superficial: Brachioradialis – elbow flexion (although in extensor compartment) Extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) – wrist extension & radial deviation Extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) – wrist extension & radial deviation Extensor digitorum – extends digits 2-5 at MCP joints Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) – wrist extension & ulnar deviation Deep Layer : Supinator – supinates forearm
61
Describe the actions and innervations of the muscles in the forearm.
all posterior are radial, all anterior are medial except flexor carpi ulnaris and digits 4-5 of flexor digitorum profundus which are ulnar nerve
62
Identify the groups of muscles that attach to the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus.
Muscles attaching to the medial epicondyle are mainly flexors, while those attaching to the lateral epicondyle are extensors.
63
Identify the distal attachment of all muscles that act in pronation or supination.
Muscles involved in pronation and supination attach distally to the radius.
64
65
Describe the structures that form the carpal tunnel.
The carpal tunnel is formed by the carpal bones and the flexor retinaculum.
66
Identify the structures that are contained within the carpal tunnel.
The carpal tunnel contains the median nerve and flexor tendons/tendon sheaths (bursa). Ulnar nerve passes superficially
67
Identify the groups of muscles in the hand.
Hand muscles are categorized into thenar, hypothenar, and deep palm groups (lumbrical & interosseous).
68
Describe the actions and innervations of the muscles in the hand.
Thenar/thumb (1st digit) - median nerve Deep palm (digits 2-5) - ulnar nerve Hypothenar (digit 5) - ulnar nerve

ANATOMY 403 EXAM 2 (6 decks)

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