PELVIS & LOWER LIMB

Question 1

Identify the bones that comprise the pelvic girdle and its main functions.

Answer 1

pelvic girdle: Comprised of the ilium, ischium, and pubis. Functions include weight-bearing, movement, and protection of pelvic organs.

Question 2

Classify the pubic symphysis and describe the bones that form this joint.

Answer 2

pubic symphysis: Cartilaginous joint formed between the left and right pubic bones.

Question 3

Classify the sacro-iliac joints and describe the bones that form these joints.

Answer 3

sacro-iliac joints: Synovial plane joints between the sacrum and ilium, transferring weight from the spine to the lower limbs.

Question 4

Describe the iliac crest.

Answer 4

iliac crest: Superior border of the ilium, serving as an attachment site for muscles and fascia.

Question 5

Describe the attachments for the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments.

Answer 5

sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments: Sacrospinous ligament attaches the sacrum to the ischial spine, and the sacrotuberous ligament extends from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity, forming the greater and lesser sciatic foramina.

Question 6

Describe the boundaries of the pelvic brim (inlet).

Answer 6

pelvic brim (inlet): Bounded by the sacral promontory, arcuate line, pectineal line, and pubic crest.

Question 7

Describe the boundaries of the pelvic outlet.

Answer 7

pelvic outlet: Bounded by the pubic arch, ischial tuberosities, sacrotuberous ligaments, and coccyx.

Question 9

Differentiate the true and false pelves.

Answer 9

true and false pelves: True pelvis is below the pelvic brim and contains pelvic organs. False pelvis is above the brim and supports abdominal contents.

Question 10

Identify the obturator foramen and associated structures.

Answer 10

obturator foramen: Large opening in the pelvis formed by the pubis and ischium, covered by the obturator membrane with the obturator canal allowing passage of neurovascular structures.

Question 11

Describe the structures that form and pass through the greater sciatic foramen.

Answer 11

greater sciatic foramen: Formed by the sacrospinous ligament and the greater sciatic notch. Structures passing through include the sciatic nerve, piriformis muscle, and superior/inferior gluteal vessels and nerves.

Question 12

Identify the piriformis muscle and describe its attachments and actions.

Answer 12

piriformis muscle: Originates from the anterior sacrum and inserts on the greater trochanter of the femur. Functions in lateral rotation and abduction of the hip.

Question 13

Describe the bones that form the acetabulum.

Answer 13

acetabulum: Formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis. Serves as the socket for the femoral head in the hip joint.

Question 14

Describe the location of and structures found within the sacral canal, hiatus, and foramina.

Answer 14

Sacral canal contains sacral nerve roots.

Sacral hiatus is the inferior opening of the canal.

Sacral foramina allow passage of sacral nerves.

Question 15

Identify the coccyx and how many vertebrae fuse to form it.

Answer 15

coccyx: Formed by the fusion of 3-5 vertebrae, providing attachment for pelvic floor muscles.

Question 16

Identify the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm and describe their locations.

Answer 16

pelvic diaphragm muscles: Composed of the levator ani and coccygeus, supporting pelvic organs and assisting in continence.

Question 17

Identify the muscle that completes the posterior edge of the pelvic floor.

Answer 17

coccygeus: Completes the posterior edge of the pelvic floor, extending from the ischial spine to the sacrum and coccyx. It supports pelvic viscera and helps maintain continence.

Question 19

Conceptualize the layout of the lower limb including the location of bones, joints, and muscle
groups.

Answer 19

lower limb layout: Includes the femur, tibia, fibula, and foot bones with joints and muscle groups supporting movement and stability.

Question 20

Review the major branches of the lumbar and sacral plexuses.

Answer 20

lumbar plexus: Arises from L1-L4, located within the psoas major muscle. Major branches include: femoral, obturator, lateral femoral cutaneous, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral

sacral plexus: Arises from L4-S4, located on the anterior surface of the piriformis muscle. Major branches include: sciatic, tibial, common fibular, superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, pudendal

Question 22

Distinguish features of the proximal femur.

Answer 22

proximal femur: Features include the head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters, and linea aspera.

Question 23

Describe the movements of the hip joint.

Answer 23

hip joint movements: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, and lateral rotation.

Question 24

Describe the bones that form the hip joint.

Answer 24

hip joint bones: Formed by the femoral head and acetabulum of the pelvis.

Question 25

Describe the ligament that forms the anterior support of the hip joint.

Answer 25

anterior support of hip joint: Provided by the iliofemoral ligament.

Question 26

Identify the superficial gluteal muscles.

Answer 26

superficial gluteal muscles: Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae.

Question 27

Describe the actions and innervations of the superficial gluteal muscles.

Answer 27

superficial gluteal muscles actions and innervation: Gluteus maximus extends and laterally rotates the hip (innervated by inferior gluteal nerve). Gluteus medius and minimus abduct and medially rotate the hip (innervated by superior gluteal nerve).

Question 28

Identify the muscle that attaches to the iliotibial tract.

Answer 28

iliotibial tract attachment: Tensor fasciae latae and gluteus maximus.

Question 29

Identify the deep gluteal muscle and its action.

Answer 29

deep gluteal muscle: Piriformis, responsible for lateral rotation and abduction of the hip.

Question 30

Identify the muscles that attach to the greater trochanter.

Answer 30

greater trochanter attachments: Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and piriformis muscles.

Question 32

Identify the muscles in the medial thigh compartment.

Answer 32

medial thigh compartment muscles: Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, and pectineus.

Question 33

Describe the actions and innervation of the medial thigh muscles.

Answer 33

medial thigh muscle actions and innervation: Adduction of the hip. Mostly innervated by the obturator nerve, except pectineus (femoral nerve) and part of adductor magnus (tibial nerve).

Question 34

Identify the proximal attachment of all medial thigh muscles.

Answer 34

medial thigh muscle proximal attachment: Pubis.

Question 35

Identify the muscles that attach to the linea aspera.

Answer 35

linea aspera attachments: Adductor muscles of the thigh.

Question 37

Distinguish features of the distal femur.

Answer 37

distal femur: Features include medial and lateral condyles, patellar surface, and intercondylar fossa.

Question 38

Distinguish features of the proximal tibia and fibula.

Answer 38

proximal tibia and fibula: Tibia features the medial and lateral condyles and tibial tuberosity. Fibula is lateral and provides muscle attachment.

Question 39

Identify the nerve that passes around the neck of the fibula.

Answer 39

nerve around fibular neck: Common fibular nerve.

Question 40

Describe the bony features of the knee joint.

Answer 40

knee joint bony features: Femur, tibia, and patella.

Question 41

Categorize the knee joint.

Answer 41

knee joint category: Synovial hinge joint.

Question 42

Describe movements at the knee joint.

Answer 42

knee joint movements: Flexion, extension, and slight rotation when flexed.

Question 43

Describe the supportive structures (fibrocartilage and ligaments) of the knee.

Answer 43

knee supportive structures: Menisci (fibrocartilage), ACL, PCL, MCL, and LCL.

Question 44

Differentiate the function of the ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) and PCL (posterior cruciate ligament).

Answer 44

ACL vs PCL function: ACL prevents anterior displacement of the tibia. PCL prevents posterior displacement.

Question 46

Identify the supportive structures of the knee that are more prone to injury, especially following a lateral blow to the knee (terrible triad).

Answer 46

terrible triad injury: Involves ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus, often due to lateral blows to the knee.

Question 47

Identify the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh.

Answer 47

anterior thigh compartment muscles: Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius) and sartorius.

Question 48

Describe the actions and innervation of anterior thigh muscles.

Answer 48

anterior thigh muscle actions and innervation: Knee extension (quadriceps), hip flexion (rectus femoris and sartorius). Innervated by the femoral nerve.

Question 49

Identify the muscle that attaches to the lesser trochanter.

Answer 49

lesser trochanter attachment: Iliopsoas muscle.

Question 50

Identify the muscle that attaches to the tibial tuberosity.

Answer 50

tibial tuberosity attachment: Quadriceps femoris via the patellar ligament.

Question 51

Describe the 4 parts of the quadriceps femoris muscle.

Answer 51

quadriceps femoris muscle: Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius.

Question 52

Identify the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh.

Answer 52

posterior thigh compartment muscles: Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus.

Question 53

Describe the actions, proximal attachment, and innervation of the posterior thigh muscles.

Answer 53

posterior thigh muscle actions, proximal attachment, and innervation: Hip extension and knee flexion. Attach to the ischial tuberosity. Innervated by the tibial division of the sciatic nerve (except short head of biceps femoris, which is innervated by the common fibular nerve).

Question 54

Differentiate the lateral and medial groups within the posterior thigh.

Answer 54

posterior thigh lateral vs medial groups: Biceps femoris (lateral) vs semitendinosus and semimembranosus (medial).

Question 56

Describe the tibiofibular interosseous membrane including its functions.

Answer 56

tibiofibular interosseous membrane: Connects tibia and fibula, stabilizing the leg and serving as a muscle attachment site.

Question 57

Distinguish features of the distal tibia and fibula.

Answer 57

distal tibia and fibula: Form the medial and lateral malleoli, which stabilize the ankle joint.

Question 58

Identify the number of tarsal bones and the 2 that form the hind foot.

Answer 58

tarsal bones: Seven total, with talus and calcaneus forming the hindfoot.

Question 59

Categorize the talocrural joint and describe the bony parts.

Answer 59

talocrural joint: Hinge joint formed by the tibia, fibula, and talus.

Question 60

Describe the actions of the talocrural joint.

Answer 60

talocrural joint actions: Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.

Question 61

Identify the joints that allow for inversion and eversion at the ankle.

Answer 61

joints for inversion and eversion: Subtalar and transverse tarsal joints.

Question 62

Describe the attachments of the groups of ligaments in the ankle and during which actions they stabilize the ankle.

Answer 62

ankle ligament attachments and stability: Medial (deltoid) ligament stabilizes eversion. Lateral ligaments (anterior/posterior talofibular and calcaneofibular) stabilize inversion.

Question 63

Identify the stronger group of ligaments in the ankle.

Answer 63

stronger ankle ligament group: Medial (deltoid) ligament.

Question 64

Describe the numbering of metatarsals.

Answer 64

metatarsals numbering: Numbered 1-5 from medial (big toe) to lateral.

Question 65

Describe the types of phalanges and how many are in each digit.

Answer 65

phalanges: Three per digit (proximal, middle, distal) except the big toe, which has two.

Question 66

Describe the actions at the tarsometatarsal, metatarsophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints.

Answer 66

tarsometatarsal, metatarsophalangeal, interphalangeal joints: Permit foot movements for walking and gripping.

Question 68

Describe the actions and innervation of anterior leg muscles.

Answer 68

anterior leg muscles actions and innervation: Dorsiflexion and toe extension, innervated by the deep fibular nerve.

Question 69

Describe the action and innervation of the lateral leg muscles.

Answer 69

lateral leg muscles action and innervation: Eversion and plantarflexion, innervated by the superficial fibular nerve.

Question 70

Describe the distal attachment, actions, and innervation of the superficial posterior leg muscles.

Answer 70

superficial posterior leg muscles: Gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris. Distal attachment to the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon. Plantarflexion, innervated by the tibial nerve.

Question 71

Describe the actions and innervation of the deep posterior leg muscles.

Answer 71

deep posterior leg muscles actions and innervation: Plantarflexion and toe flexion, innervated by the tibial nerve.

Question 72

Identify the tibialis anterior, fibularis longus, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles.

Answer 72

tibialis anterior, fibularis longus, gastrocnemius, soleus: Tibialis anterior (dorsiflexion/inversion), fibularis longus (eversion), gastrocnemius (plantarflexion/knee flexion), soleus (plantarflexion).

Question 74

Differentiate the two surfaces of the foot.

Answer 74

foot surfaces: Dorsal (top) and plantar (bottom).

Question 75

Describe the plantar aponeurosis including its attachment and function.

Answer 75

plantar aponeurosis: Thick fascia extending from the calcaneus to the toes, supporting the arch and foot mechanics.