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ANATOMY 403 EXAM 2 > JOINTS & MUSCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

JOINTS & MUSCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Define a joint.

A

point of contact/articulation

Connective tissue between bones

Hyaline cartilage on articular surface of bone

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2
Q

Describe the function of joints.

A

Structure of joint determines amount of movement that can occur

Joints facilitate growth (epiphyseal plates growing bone length)

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3
Q

Describe the major components of joints.

A

Articular cartilage (hyaline)

Articular surfaces on bones

“Supportive” cartilage (fibrocartilage)

Ligaments (dense connective tissue, bone to bone)

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4
Q

Describe joint classification.

A

Types of tissues that connect bones:

Fibrous - fibrous connective

Cartilaginous - cartilage

Synovial - fluid filled joint capsule (most common)

Functional - range of joint motion (diarthrosis=freely moveable joint, similar to synovial)

*note- the more mobile a joint is, the less stable it is (ex. shoulder)

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5
Q

Define a fibrous joint and differentiate the subtypes.

A

Bones joined by fibrous connective tissue (dense irregular)

Amount and length of connective tissue differs between joints and affects range of motion

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6
Q

Fibrous joint: Suture

A

Specific to skull where bones are close together and joined by sutural ligaments

Specific to juveniles: remain slightly moveable to allow for growth and accommodating the birth canal
* Fully immobile in adults

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7
Q

Fibrous joint: Gomphosis

A

Specific to teeth; peg and socket joint where tooth and bone are joined by periodontal ligaments (PDL) and allow for some movement

Teeth connected to maxilla and mandible

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8
Q

Fibrous joint: Syndesmosis

A

Articulating bones are further apart and joined by longer sheets of connective tissue, such as interosseous membrane, which allows for more movement

*Most mobile

ex. radius and ulna (big space)

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9
Q

Define a cartilaginous joint and differentiate the subtypes.

A

bones joined by cartilage

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10
Q

Cartilaginous joint: Synchondrosis (primary/temporary)

A

Bound by hyaline cartilage

Ex. Epiphyseal plate (where layer of hyaline cartilage is found between epiphysis and remainder of bone)

GROWTH rather than movement

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11
Q

Cartilaginous joint: Symphysis (secondary/permanent)

A

Midline joint where bones are bound by fibrocartilage

Ex. Pubic symphysis or intervertebral discs

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12
Q

Synostosis

A

An ossified joint that is immobile such as ossified sutures are epiphyseal lines

AKA bone holding together bone

Ex. Epiphyseal plate (Synchondrosis) –> Epiphyseal line (Synostosis)

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13
Q

Bonus: When an epiphyseal plate ossifies, what kind of ossification is it?

A

Endochondrol ossification

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14
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Bones joined by a fibrous capsule (dense irregular connective tissue) enclosing a fluid filled cavity around the joint

Most numerous in body and most mobile (most prone to injury!)

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15
Q

Synovial joint common structures: Articular (Synovial) Capsule

A

Fibrous (Outer) Layer: fibrous tissue binds articulating bones together *structural layer

Synovial (Inner) Layer: well vascularized membrane that lines synovial cavity and secretes synovial fluid

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16
Q

Synovial joint common structures: Articular (Synovial) Cavity

A

Narrow space containing a thin layer of synovial fluid

Functions of fluid
- reduced friction
- absorbs shock
- nutrient & waste exchange for articular cartilage

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17
Q

Synovial joint common structures: Articular (Synovial) Cartilage

A

Avascular hyaline cartilage that covers articular surfaces of bones

Functions
- reduces friction between bones
- absorbs shock

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18
Q

Differentiate extracapsular, capsular, and intracapsular ligaments.

A

extracapsular - outside of articular capsule (extrinsic ligament)
capsular - thickening of articular capsule (intrinsic ligament)
intracapsular - inside of articular cavity (intrinsic ligament)

*
exntrinsic ligament - support joint, affect ROM
intrinsic ligament - bind joint together

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19
Q

Which structure actually articulates/joins the bones?

A

the articular capsule, NOT the articular cartilage

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20
Q

Articular Disc

A

complete discs of fibrocartilage

Function:

divides synovial cavity

ex- TemporoMandibular Joint (TMJ)

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21
Q

Meniscus

A

incomplete discs of fibrocartilage

Functions:

-improves fit of bone

-redistributes weight (of the knee)

-absorbs shock

-facilitates smooth, coordinated movements by stabilizing the knee during complex movement

ex- knee

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22
Q

Labrum

A

a fibrocartilaginous “lip”

Function:

deepens the ball-and-socket joints

ex- shoulder and hip joints

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23
Q

Bursa

A

a fluid-filled sac-like structure that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another

Function:

reduces friction

Tendon/Synovial Sheaths= tube-like bursae that wrap around long tendons

ex- from forearms down fingers

24
Q

Types of arthritis: Osteoarthritis (OA)

A

breakdown of articular cartilage

progressively degenerative, “wear and tear”

decrease in synovial fluid production (“cushion”), leading to bone on bone rubbing

25
Types of arthritis: Crystal Arthritis (Gout)
accumulation of uric acid; uric acid crystallizes and erodes joint structures
26
Types of arthritis: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
autoimmune disorder, immune system attacks synovial membrane Swollen, stiff joints (inflammation limits joint space); often affects hands
27
Bursitis
the inflammation of a bursa, typically caused by irritation from repeated/repetitive use Symptoms: PAIN! swelling reduced range of motion
28
Describe joint changes with inflammation of bursae.
Areas of body with friction that require bursa: skin - elbow - knee - ankle tendons - medial knee - shoulder - hip - calcaneal tendon What structures may be damaged from bursa: - joint space - cartilage - tendons - nerves
29
Define the 3 types of movements.
Angulation - change of angle in between axes of articulating bones Rotation - along longitudinal axis Gliding - articulating surfaces slide on each other *Anatomical position - body upright - arms at side - palms forward - toes forward - eyes forward
30
Types of synovial joints: Plane
Articulating surfaces; LEAST mobile *Gliding ex- between tarsal bones
31
Types of synovial joints: Pivot
Rounded surface of one bone articulates with ring formed by another bone/ligament *Rotation ex- between C1 and C2 vertebrae or radius and ulna
32
Types of synovial joints: Saddle
Articulating bones are convex-concave and fit into one another *Angulation Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction *also circumduction- combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction where distal limb moves in circles (ex. arm circles) ex- between trapezium carpal bone and 1st metacarpal bone (thumb)
33
Types of synovial joints: Ball & Socket
Ball-like surface of one rests against cup-like surface of another *Angulation & Rotation Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction *MOST mobile, but least stable ex- hip and shoulder joints
34
Types of synovial joints: Condyloid
Oval shaped condyle of one rests on elliptical cavity of another *Angulation Abduction (away) & adduction (toward) and flexion and extension ex- between radius and carpal bones of wrist, or between metacarpal and phalanx
35
Types of synovial joints: Hinge
Convex surface of one fits into concave of another bone *Angulation Flexion and extension ex- elbow or knee
36
Define range of motion.
ROM of a joint is measured in degrees of a circle
37
Describe factors that can change range of motion.
Increase ROM: - structure of joint - hormones (relaxin during pregnancy) Decrease ROM: - structure of joint - soft tissue - disuse *Increase mobility = decreased stability
38
Types of muscle tissue: Skeletal
Characteristics: striated, voluntary Location: attached to bone (skeletal system) 45% of body mass, over 600 skeletal muscles
39
Types of muscle tissue: Cardiac
Characteristics: striated, involuntary Location: heart walls
40
Types of muscle tissue: Smooth
Characteristics: non-striated (smooth, duh), involuntary Location: organs, airways, blood vessels
41
Muscle properties
electrical excitability the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals (aka APs) -property of nerve and muscle cells contractility the ability to contract when stimulated by AP, generates tension while pulling on attachment points extensibility the ability to be stretched without damaging the tissue elasticity the ability to return to original length and shape after contraction
42
Differentiate muscle belly, fascicle, fiber, and myofibril.
Many myofibrils make up one muscle fiber (cell) Muscle fibers are organized into a muscle fascicle Muscle fascicles make up a muscle belly Muscle belly contains tendon which connects to bone
43
Describe how muscle cells (fibers) are formed.
during embryonic development, 100s of myoblasts (aka small mesodermal cells) collect and fuse into a muscle cell/fiber, this is why muscle cells/fibes have many nuclei mesoderm -> myoblasts -> muscle fiber (many nuclei,like osteocytes) Satellite cells - Myoblasts that do not fuse to form muscle fibers; limited ability to regenerate
44
Describe how muscles grow during and after maturity.
of skeletal muscles is determined shortly after birth Hypertrophy= from forceful, repetitive muscle activity; enlargement of existing muscle fibers by increasing the production of myofibrils and mitochondria -occurs due to repeated, forceful muscular activity, such as lifting
45
Describe the functions and characteristics of each component of a muscle fiber (= myofiber = muscle cell).
Sarcolemma: plasma membrane of muscle fiber (cell) Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm containing... - myofibrils (contractile unit, extend whole length, contain sarcomeres) - T tubules (surface of sarcolemma, allow APs to quickly spread and release to all areas of cell) - mitochondria - myoglobin - glycogen - sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca2+) *remember multiple sarcomeres make up one myofibril
46
Describe how an action potential travels through the components of a muscle fiber and how the proteins of the myofibril change.
Neural AP -> ACh release -> sarcolemma -> t tubules -> SR -> Ca2+ release -> sarcomere contraction APs travel down T-tubule, triggers release of stored Ca from SR, allows muscle contraction to occur
47
Describe the basics of the sliding filament mechanism.
Contractile proteins - actin and myosin Sliding filament - converts ATP's chemical energy into mechanical energy of motion 1. Ca2+ release from SR 2. Binding sites on actin open 3. Myosin moves and muscle changes length On a sarcomere, 2 actin (thin filament) and one myosin (thick filament)
48
Describe the location and the main characteristics of tendons.
highly organized parallel collagen fibers poorly vascularized (slow to heal) (Opposed to muscle belly, which is well vascularizes)
49
Define an aponeurosis.
flattened sheet-like tendon (abdomen)
50
Describe the layers of connective tissue associated with muscle and their relationship with tendons.
Connective tissues are continuous and emerge from muscle belly as a tendon to attach to bone Endomysium surrounds individual muscle fibers/cells, brings in vasculature Perimysium surrounds fascicles (Facicles= bundles of muscle myofibers/fibers/cells) Epimysium surrounds entire muscle belly (muscular/deep fascia)
51
Describe fascia and its location.
dense irregular CT that compartmentalizes groups of muscles
52
Describe a motor unit.
muscle fibers associated with one motor neuron small mu's perform precise movement, large perform a greater strength of contraction
53
Describe the location of a neurovascular bundle in relation to the muscle it supplies.
Typically the neurovascular bundle runs deep to the muscle (occasionally superficial) Limb muscles receive info from multiple SC levels (opposed to trunk which have just one level)
54
Distinguish muscle attachment sites.
proximal - origin - attached to stationary bone distal - insertion - attached to movable bone
55
Distinguish isometric and isotonic contractions.
isometric: - tension generated, but not enough tension to exceed the resistance of the object -muscle does not change its length isotonic: - tension is constant - muscle length changes - *concentric/eccentric
56
Describe muscle tone and reflexive muscle contraction.
Tone: weak involuntary contractions that do not produce movements Reflexive contraction: involuntary automatic movements (hot to touch)
57
Distinguish prime mover, antagonist, fixator, and synergist.
Prime Mover (Agonist) - main muscle producing a movement through concentric contraction Antagonist - the muscle that opposes another muscle - maintains some tension on a joint - limits speed and range of prime mover - prevents excessive movement, joint injury, or inappropriate actions - can also relax to give the agonist muscle almost complete control over the action Fixator - the muscle that prevents a bone from moving, holds bones steady - isometric contraction Synergist - a muscle that aids the prime mover (concentric) - may stabilize a joint and restrict certain movements - can modify the direction of a movement, to make the action more specific

ANATOMY 403 EXAM 2 (6 decks)

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