Thorax, Abdomen Flashcards
What is the superior and inferior border of thorax
clavicle to diaphram
what is the superior and inferior border of abdomen
diaphragm to above pelvic brim
thorax vs chest
thorax + scapula = chest
what does the thoracic cage consist of
- sternum
- rib 1-10
- rib 11-12
what are the 3 intercostal muscles
- external
- internal
- innermost
blood supply of the intercostal space
arterial supply: intercostal artery
venous drainage: intercostal vein -> azygous vein -> SVC
at which vertebrae level does the inferior vena cava open at the diaphragm
T8
at which vertebrae level does the esophagus open at the diaphragm
T10
at which vertebrae level does the aorta open at the diaphragm
T12
the area of the diaphragm that the heart lies on is called
central tendon
blood supply to the mammary tissue
subclavian artery -> internal mammary artery / internal costal artery
how does breast cancer occur
- when tumour has penetrated deeper structures
- when attempt to move the breast, it is restricted because the tumour is lodged on the pecs muscle
- between the pecs muscle and the mammary gland, there is loose alveolar tissue that is moveable –> breast is technically moveable until the tumour cell penetrates into deep tissue
space between 2 lungs is called
mediastinum
lungs is covered with
pleural
heart is covered with
pericardium
pleura is covered by cells called
mesothelial cells
how can the mediastinum be divided into
superior
inferior
- anterior
- middle
- posterior
at which vertebral level does the trachea divide into the main bronhi
carina - level T4-T5
at T4 and T5, marks what landmark of the heart
ascending aorta ends
arch of aorta starts
arch of aorta ends
descending aorta starts
at T4 and T5, marks what landmark of the pulmonary system
- carina
- pulmonary trunk splits into right and left pulmonary artery
which part of the mediastinum is the heart located in
inferior, middle mediastinum
how is the parietal pleural further divided
- costal pleural (lines ribs)
- diaphragmatic pleural (lines diaphragm)
- mediastinal pleural (lines mediastinal portion of lungs)
what is included in the hilum of the lung
- bronchi
- pulmonary artery
- pulmonary veins
significance of lung root
- structures passing through the opening (hilum)
- root covered by pleural -> meeting point of the visceral and parietal pleural = pulmonary ligament
- level of T5, T6, T7 vertebrae
what is recess of pleura
- widening of pleural cavity
- folds of parietal pleura which act as reserve spaces for lungs to expand during deep inspiration
what are the 2 pleural recesses
- costodiaphragmatic recess
- costomediastinal recess
3 surfaces of the lungs
- costal surface
- mediastinum surface
- diaphragmatic surface
borders of the lungs
- anterior
- posterior
- inferior
where is the apex of the lung located
2.5cm above clavicle and 4cm above 1st rib
which side of the lungs has how many lobes and fissues
left lung
- 2 lobes (superior and inferior)
- 1 fissure (oblique)
right lung
- 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
- 2 fissures (horizontal, oblique)
differences between the left and right hilum of the lung
right side
1. aparterial bronchus
2. pulmonary artery
3. hyparterial bronchus
4. pulmonary veins
left side
1. pulmonary artery
2. principle bronchus
3. lower pulmonary vein
lung and pleural relation to the rib
lungs
mid clavicle - 6th rib
mid axillary - 8th rib
scapula - 10th rib
pleural
mid clavicle - 8th rib
mid axillary - 10th rib
scapula - 12th rib
2 layers of the pericardium
- fibrous pericardium
- serous pericardium
where is the pericardial cavity
between the visceral and parietal layer in the serous pericardium
sulcus between the atrium and ventricle is called
atrioventricular sulcus
sulcus between 2 ventricles is called
interventricular sulcus
what structures form the base of the heart
right and left atrium
what structure form the apex of the heart
left ventricle
blood supply of the heart
right and left coronary artery
branch of the left coronary artery
anterior interventricular artery (runs through the anterior interventricular sulcus)
circumflex coronary artery (goes around the heart)
branch of the right coronary artery
posterior interventricular artery (runs through the posterior interventricular sulcus)
3 borders of the heart
- right: right atrium
- left: left auricle and ventricle
- lower: right atrium and ventricle
3 surfaces of the heart
- anterior: sternocostal surface
- inferior: diaphragmatic surface
- base: posterior surface
which chambers can be identified from the sternocostal surface
- right atrium + auricle
- left auricle
- right ventricle
- part of left ventricle
which chambers can be identified on the diaphragmatic surface
- left ventricle
- right ventricle
which chambers can be identified in the posterior surface
- right atrium
- left atrium
“hole in the heart” is also known as
atrial septum defect
which ventricle has a thicker wall
left
which valve belongs to which side
tricuspid valve - right (between right atrium and right ventricle)
mitral valve/bicuspid - left (between left atrium and left ventricle)
what is another name for anterior interventricular artery
left anterior descending (LAD) artery
venous drainage of the heart
all veins of heart -> CORONARY SINUS -> opens into right atrium
where does the pleural fluid come from and where does it go to
- secreted by the parietal layer
- reabsorbed by visceral layer
what is pleural effusion
excess fluid that accumulates between the 2 pleural layers
what is pneumothorax
abnormal collection of air or gas in the pleural space/cavity
how to tell from a chest x-ray if patient has pleural effusion
masking of costal phrenic angle with fluid
what is the condition of excess fluid in the pericardial cavity called
pericardial effusion
what can pericardial effusion lead to
cardiac tamponade
- extensive pericardial effusion
- volume of sac compromised
- does not allow full expansion of heart
- limit amount of blood heart can receive
- reduce CO
solution to pericardial effusion
pericardiocentesis
- drainage of fluid from the pericardial cavity
which part of the stomach is filled with gas
fundus
inner surface of the stomach is lined with
rugae
parts of the stomach
fundus
body
pyloric antrium
pyloric canal
what are the different barium contrast, how long does it take to fill up which ROI
barium swallow - esophagus - instant
barium meal - stomach - 30mins
barium follow through - S.I - 3-4 hours
barium enema - L.I - give from anus
where does most of the digestion take place
jejunum
which part of the small intestine is fixed in place
duodenum
right colic flexure of the large intestine is also known as
hepatic flexure
left colic flexure of the large intestine is also known as
splenic flexure
special features of the large intestine
- haustrations*
- taenia coli
- appendices epiploicae
what is the rough finger-like projections in S.I called
plica circularis
location of the appendix
2cm below the intersection of transtubercular plane and right lateral plane
where is the Mc Burney’s point
lateral 1/3 and medial 2/3 of line joining ASIS to umblicus
parts of the appendix
- base
- body
- tip
- mesoappendix
which organ synthesizes bile
liver
pathway of bile
right/left lobe produces bile -> right/left hepatic duct -> common hepatic duct -> cystic duct (store in gallbladder) -> common bile duct
space between right kidney and liver is called
hepatorenal pouch/ Morisson’s pouch
what is included in the portal hepatis (portal triad)
- common bile duct
- hepatic artery
- portal vein
superior and inferior relation of the portal hepatis
superior: caudate lobe
inferior: quadrate lobe
where is the subphrenic recess
space in between the diaphragm and liver
what is included in the extra hepatic biliary apparatus
- common hepatic duct
- gallbladder
- cystic duct
- common bile duct
how does cystic duct drain into 2nd part of duodenum
cystic duct -> common bile duct + main pancreatic duct -> 2nd part of duodenum
what happens gallstone is dislodged at the where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct joins
pancreas secreting digestive enzyme unable to drain into duodenum, starts to digest its own part, causing pancreas damage = pancreatitis
location of spleen
mid axillary line - between 8 and 10 ribs
what structures are in the splenic hilum
- splenic vein
- splenic artery
what are the 2 ligaments attached to the spleen
- gastrosplenic ligament
- splenorenal ligament
what is the function of the spleen
- filter blood (remove RBC) = disintegrate and take the haemoglobin for new RBC synthesis
- store 1/3 of platelets
what are the parts of the pancreas
uncinate process
head
neck
body
tail
what are the branches of abdominal aorta
left and right common iliac artery
what does common iliac artery branch into
internal and external iliac artery
blood supply of the GIT
arterial supply
foregut: esophagus to middle of duodenum = coeliac trunk
midgut: middle of duodenum to right 2/3 of transverse colon = superior mesenteric artery
hindgut: left 1/3 of transverse colon to rectum = inferior mesenteric artery
venous drainage
foregut: drains into portal vein
midgut: drains into superior mesenteric vein
hindgut: drains into inferior mesenteric vein -> splenic vein
splenic vein + superior mesenteric vein -> portal vein
vertebral level of the kidneys
T12-L3
blood supply of urinary system
supplied by renal artery - L1 to L2
drains into renal vein
constrictions of the ureters
- ureteropelvic junction (just inferior to the kidney)
- common iliac vessel at the pelvic brim
- wall of the bladder
what are the 2 pouches present in the pelvis for females
- uterovesical pouch
- rectouterine pouch / pouch of douglas / Cul de Sac
what is the pouch present in the pelvis in males
rectovesicle pouch
what does the peritoneum in pelvis cover for females
abdo wall -> superior surface of bladder -> 1/2 anterior surface of uterus -> superior surface of uterus -> upper 2/3 of rectum -> posterior abdo wall
do male or female have wider hip bone
female
pelvic organs in female
ovaries
fallopian tubes
uterus
vaginal canal
vulva
boundary of the thoracic inlet
superior margin of the manubrium
superior margins of the 1st rib
T1 costovertebral junctions
venous drainage of the thoracic wall
azygos vein drains right side
hemizygos and accessory hemiazygos veins drain posterior and lateral parts of left thoracic wall -> azygos vein at T8-T9 -> SVC
ligament that gives the duodenum its C shaped loop
Ligament of Treitz
location of the seminal vesicle in male pelvic cavity
“bow tie” shaped, soft tissue structure in the groove between bladder base and prostate
celiac trunk branches into
common hepatic artery
left gastric artery
splenic artery
