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Anatomy > Thorax, Abdomen > Flashcards

Thorax, Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superior and inferior border of thorax

A

clavicle to diaphram

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2
Q

what is the superior and inferior border of abdomen

A

diaphragm to above pelvic brim

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3
Q

thorax vs chest

A

thorax + scapula = chest

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4
Q

what does the thoracic cage consist of

A
  • sternum
  • rib 1-10
  • rib 11-12
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5
Q

what are the 3 intercostal muscles

A
  • external
  • internal
  • innermost
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6
Q

blood supply of the intercostal space

A

arterial supply: intercostal artery

venous drainage: intercostal vein -> azygous vein -> SVC

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7
Q

at which vertebrae level does the inferior vena cava open at the diaphragm

A

T8

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8
Q

at which vertebrae level does the esophagus open at the diaphragm

A

T10

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9
Q

at which vertebrae level does the aorta open at the diaphragm

A

T12

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10
Q

the area of the diaphragm that the heart lies on is called

A

central tendon

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11
Q

blood supply to the mammary tissue

A

subclavian artery -> internal mammary artery / internal costal artery

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12
Q

how does breast cancer occur

A
  • when tumour has penetrated deeper structures
  • when attempt to move the breast, it is restricted because the tumour is lodged on the pecs muscle
  • between the pecs muscle and the mammary gland, there is loose alveolar tissue that is moveable –> breast is technically moveable until the tumour cell penetrates into deep tissue
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13
Q

space between 2 lungs is called

A

mediastinum

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14
Q

lungs is covered with

A

pleural

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15
Q

heart is covered with

A

pericardium

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16
Q

pleura is covered by cells called

A

mesothelial cells

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17
Q

how can the mediastinum be divided into

A

superior

inferior
- anterior
- middle
- posterior

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18
Q

at which vertebral level does the trachea divide into the main bronhi

A

carina - level T4-T5

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19
Q

at T4 and T5, marks what landmark of the heart

A

ascending aorta ends
arch of aorta starts
arch of aorta ends
descending aorta starts

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20
Q

at T4 and T5, marks what landmark of the pulmonary system

A
  • carina
  • pulmonary trunk splits into right and left pulmonary artery
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21
Q

which part of the mediastinum is the heart located in

A

inferior, middle mediastinum

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22
Q

how is the parietal pleural further divided

A
  1. costal pleural (lines ribs)
  2. diaphragmatic pleural (lines diaphragm)
  3. mediastinal pleural (lines mediastinal portion of lungs)
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23
Q

what is included in the hilum of the lung

A
  • bronchi
  • pulmonary artery
  • pulmonary veins
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24
Q

significance of lung root

A
  • structures passing through the opening (hilum)
  • root covered by pleural -> meeting point of the visceral and parietal pleural = pulmonary ligament
  • level of T5, T6, T7 vertebrae
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25
Q

what is recess of pleura

A
  • widening of pleural cavity
  • folds of parietal pleura which act as reserve spaces for lungs to expand during deep inspiration
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26
Q

what are the 2 pleural recesses

A
  • costodiaphragmatic recess
  • costomediastinal recess
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27
Q

3 surfaces of the lungs

A
  • costal surface
  • mediastinum surface
  • diaphragmatic surface
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28
Q

borders of the lungs

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
  • inferior
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29
Q

where is the apex of the lung located

A

2.5cm above clavicle and 4cm above 1st rib

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30
Q

which side of the lungs has how many lobes and fissues

A

left lung
- 2 lobes (superior and inferior)
- 1 fissure (oblique)

right lung
- 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
- 2 fissures (horizontal, oblique)

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31
Q

differences between the left and right hilum of the lung

A

right side
1. aparterial bronchus
2. pulmonary artery
3. hyparterial bronchus
4. pulmonary veins

left side
1. pulmonary artery
2. principle bronchus
3. lower pulmonary vein

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32
Q

lung and pleural relation to the rib

A

lungs
mid clavicle - 6th rib
mid axillary - 8th rib
scapula - 10th rib

pleural
mid clavicle - 8th rib
mid axillary - 10th rib
scapula - 12th rib

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33
Q

2 layers of the pericardium

A
  • fibrous pericardium
  • serous pericardium
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34
Q

where is the pericardial cavity

A

between the visceral and parietal layer in the serous pericardium

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35
Q

sulcus between the atrium and ventricle is called

A

atrioventricular sulcus

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36
Q

sulcus between 2 ventricles is called

A

interventricular sulcus

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37
Q

what structures form the base of the heart

A

right and left atrium

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38
Q

what structure form the apex of the heart

A

left ventricle

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39
Q

blood supply of the heart

A

right and left coronary artery

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40
Q

branch of the left coronary artery

A

anterior interventricular artery (runs through the anterior interventricular sulcus)
circumflex coronary artery (goes around the heart)

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41
Q

branch of the right coronary artery

A

posterior interventricular artery (runs through the posterior interventricular sulcus)

42
Q

3 borders of the heart

A
  • right: right atrium
  • left: left auricle and ventricle
  • lower: right atrium and ventricle
43
Q

3 surfaces of the heart

A
  • anterior: sternocostal surface
  • inferior: diaphragmatic surface
  • base: posterior surface
44
Q

which chambers can be identified from the sternocostal surface

A
  • right atrium + auricle
  • left auricle
  • right ventricle
  • part of left ventricle
45
Q

which chambers can be identified on the diaphragmatic surface

A
  • left ventricle
  • right ventricle
46
Q

which chambers can be identified in the posterior surface

A
  • right atrium
  • left atrium
47
Q

“hole in the heart” is also known as

A

atrial septum defect

48
Q

which ventricle has a thicker wall

A

left

49
Q

which valve belongs to which side

A

tricuspid valve - right (between right atrium and right ventricle)
mitral valve/bicuspid - left (between left atrium and left ventricle)

50
Q

what is another name for anterior interventricular artery

A

left anterior descending (LAD) artery

51
Q

venous drainage of the heart

A

all veins of heart -> CORONARY SINUS -> opens into right atrium

52
Q

where does the pleural fluid come from and where does it go to

A
  • secreted by the parietal layer
  • reabsorbed by visceral layer
53
Q

what is pleural effusion

A

excess fluid that accumulates between the 2 pleural layers

54
Q

what is pneumothorax

A

abnormal collection of air or gas in the pleural space/cavity

55
Q

how to tell from a chest x-ray if patient has pleural effusion

A

masking of costal phrenic angle with fluid

56
Q

what is the condition of excess fluid in the pericardial cavity called

A

pericardial effusion

57
Q

what can pericardial effusion lead to

A

cardiac tamponade
- extensive pericardial effusion
- volume of sac compromised
- does not allow full expansion of heart
- limit amount of blood heart can receive
- reduce CO

58
Q

solution to pericardial effusion

A

pericardiocentesis
- drainage of fluid from the pericardial cavity

59
Q

which part of the stomach is filled with gas

A

fundus

60
Q

inner surface of the stomach is lined with

A

rugae

61
Q

parts of the stomach

A

fundus
body
pyloric antrium
pyloric canal

62
Q

what are the different barium contrast, how long does it take to fill up which ROI

A

barium swallow - esophagus - instant
barium meal - stomach - 30mins
barium follow through - S.I - 3-4 hours
barium enema - L.I - give from anus

63
Q

where does most of the digestion take place

A

jejunum

64
Q

which part of the small intestine is fixed in place

A

duodenum

65
Q

right colic flexure of the large intestine is also known as

A

hepatic flexure

66
Q

left colic flexure of the large intestine is also known as

A

splenic flexure

67
Q

special features of the large intestine

A
  • haustrations*
  • taenia coli
  • appendices epiploicae
68
Q

what is the rough finger-like projections in S.I called

A

plica circularis

69
Q

location of the appendix

A

2cm below the intersection of transtubercular plane and right lateral plane

70
Q

where is the Mc Burney’s point

A

lateral 1/3 and medial 2/3 of line joining ASIS to umblicus

71
Q

parts of the appendix

A
  • base
  • body
  • tip
  • mesoappendix
72
Q

which organ synthesizes bile

A

liver

73
Q

pathway of bile

A

right/left lobe produces bile -> right/left hepatic duct -> common hepatic duct -> cystic duct (store in gallbladder) -> common bile duct

74
Q

space between right kidney and liver is called

A

hepatorenal pouch/ Morisson’s pouch

75
Q

what is included in the portal hepatis (portal triad)

A
  • common bile duct
  • hepatic artery
  • portal vein
76
Q

superior and inferior relation of the portal hepatis

A

superior: caudate lobe
inferior: quadrate lobe

77
Q

where is the subphrenic recess

A

space in between the diaphragm and liver

78
Q

what is included in the extra hepatic biliary apparatus

A
  • common hepatic duct
  • gallbladder
  • cystic duct
  • common bile duct
79
Q

how does cystic duct drain into 2nd part of duodenum

A

cystic duct -> common bile duct + main pancreatic duct -> 2nd part of duodenum

80
Q

what happens gallstone is dislodged at the where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct joins

A

pancreas secreting digestive enzyme unable to drain into duodenum, starts to digest its own part, causing pancreas damage = pancreatitis

81
Q

location of spleen

A

mid axillary line - between 8 and 10 ribs

82
Q

what structures are in the splenic hilum

A
  • splenic vein
  • splenic artery
83
Q

what are the 2 ligaments attached to the spleen

A
  • gastrosplenic ligament
  • splenorenal ligament
84
Q

what is the function of the spleen

A
  • filter blood (remove RBC) = disintegrate and take the haemoglobin for new RBC synthesis
  • store 1/3 of platelets
85
Q

what are the parts of the pancreas

A

uncinate process
head
neck
body
tail

86
Q

what are the branches of abdominal aorta

A

left and right common iliac artery

87
Q

what does common iliac artery branch into

A

internal and external iliac artery

88
Q

blood supply of the GIT

A

arterial supply
foregut: esophagus to middle of duodenum = coeliac trunk
midgut: middle of duodenum to right 2/3 of transverse colon = superior mesenteric artery
hindgut: left 1/3 of transverse colon to rectum = inferior mesenteric artery

venous drainage
foregut: drains into portal vein
midgut: drains into superior mesenteric vein
hindgut: drains into inferior mesenteric vein -> splenic vein

splenic vein + superior mesenteric vein -> portal vein

89
Q

vertebral level of the kidneys

A

T12-L3

90
Q

blood supply of urinary system

A

supplied by renal artery - L1 to L2
drains into renal vein

91
Q

constrictions of the ureters

A
  1. ureteropelvic junction (just inferior to the kidney)
  2. common iliac vessel at the pelvic brim
  3. wall of the bladder
92
Q

what are the 2 pouches present in the pelvis for females

A
  1. uterovesical pouch
  2. rectouterine pouch / pouch of douglas / Cul de Sac
93
Q

what is the pouch present in the pelvis in males

A

rectovesicle pouch

94
Q

what does the peritoneum in pelvis cover for females

A

abdo wall -> superior surface of bladder -> 1/2 anterior surface of uterus -> superior surface of uterus -> upper 2/3 of rectum -> posterior abdo wall

95
Q

do male or female have wider hip bone

A

female

96
Q

pelvic organs in female

A

ovaries
fallopian tubes
uterus
vaginal canal
vulva

97
Q

boundary of the thoracic inlet

A

superior margin of the manubrium
superior margins of the 1st rib
T1 costovertebral junctions

98
Q

venous drainage of the thoracic wall

A

azygos vein drains right side

hemizygos and accessory hemiazygos veins drain posterior and lateral parts of left thoracic wall -> azygos vein at T8-T9 -> SVC

99
Q

ligament that gives the duodenum its C shaped loop

A

Ligament of Treitz

100
Q

location of the seminal vesicle in male pelvic cavity

A

“bow tie” shaped, soft tissue structure in the groove between bladder base and prostate

101
Q

celiac trunk branches into

A

common hepatic artery
left gastric artery
splenic artery

Anatomy (3 decks)

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