Head, Brain, Neck

Question 1

how many pairs of nerves are there?

Answer 1

spinal - 31 pairs
cranial - 12 pairs

Question 2

how is the brain subdivided? and what are their parts?

Answer 2

forebrain
- cerebrum
- thalamus

midbrain

hindbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata
- cerebellum

Question 3

what is the brainstem made of?

Answer 3

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
cerebellum

Question 4

where is the cerebrum located in the skull?

Answer 4

anterior and middle cranial fossa and supratentorial part of the posterior fossa

Question 5

how are the 2 cerebral hemisphere separated and connected?

Answer 5

separated by a median longitudinal fissure
connected by corpus callosum

Question 6

what are the folds in the cerebrum called?

Answer 6

depression = sulcus/fissure
elevation = gyri

Question 7

what are the poles, surfaces and borders of the cerebrum?

Answer 7

3 poles - frontal, occipital, temporal
3 borders - superomedial, inferolateral, inferomedial
3 surfaces - inferior, medial, superolateral

Question 8

what are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum?

Answer 8

1. frontal
2. occipital
3. temporal
4. parietal
5. insula

Question 9

how are the lobes in the cerebrum separated?

Answer 9

• central sulcus –> frontal and parietal
• lateral sulcus –> frontal and temporal
• parieto-occipital sulcus + line connecting preoccipital notch and PO sulcus –> occipital lobe from parietal and temporal lobes
• line connecting lateral sulcus and end of PO line –> parietal and temporal lobe

Question 10

describe the insula

Answer 10

• lies within the lateral sulcus
• in between the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes
• involved in involuntary movements from the autonomic NS
• involved in taste and smell

Question 11

functional areas of the lobes of the cerebrum

Answer 11

frontal - primary and secondary motor area, speech area of Boca

parietal - primary and secondary sensory area

temporal - primary and secondary auditory, sensory speech area of Wernicke

occipital - primary and secondary visual area

Question 12

what are 3 types of axons present white matter in the cerebral and what are their functions?

Answer 12

1. projection fibres - bundles of axons connecting the cerebral cortices, to the subcortical structures, to the spinal cord (eg internal capsule)
2. association fibres - runs along the same cerebral hemisphere, across lobes
3. commissural fibres - connects the 2 hemisphere (eg corpus collasum), except the anterior and inferior part of the temporal lobe

Question 13

describe the thalamus and where is it located?

Answer 13

thalamus is a pair of grey matter above the midbrain, separated by the subthalamus

on the side of the 3rd ventricle on both hemisphere

sensory gateway to the cerebral cortex –> relays and integrates motor and sensory impulses between the higher centres of the brain and the peripherals

Question 14

what is basal ganglia?

Answer 14

• a mass of grey situated in the white matter of the cerebral hemisphere
• receive input from the cerebral cortex, process and sends back to the cortex

Question 15

what is internal capsule?

Answer 15

• bundle of projection fibres between the thalamus and caudate nucleus medially and lentiform nucleus laterally
• responsible for sensory and motor innervation of the opposite half of the body

Question 16

describe the brainstem

Answer 16

• consist of midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellum
• lies between the cerebrum and spinal cord
• consist of deep grey matter surrounded by white matter tracts

Question 17

list the types of cranial nerves and their types

Answer 17

1 - Olfactory - S
2 - Optic - S
3 - Oculomotor - M
4 - Trochlear - M
5 - Trigeminal - B
6 - Abducent - M
7 - Facial - B
8 - Vestibulocochlear - S
9 - Glossopharyngeal - B
10 - Vagus - B
11 - Accessory - M
12 - Hypoglossal - M

Question 18

describe the ventricular system

Answer 18

lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle via Monro (intraventricular foramen)
3rd ventricle to 4th ventricvle via Cerebral of Aqueduct (Sylvius)
4th ventricle to subarachnoid space and cisterns and spinal canal

Question 19

describe the arterial supply of the brain

Answer 19

1. (L and R) - internal carotid artery –> ACA and MCA
2. (L and R) vertebral artery –> passes through C1 intervertebral foramen –> foramen magnum –> connects to form basilar artery –> L and R PCA

Question 20

which artery supply blood to which lobe of the cerebrum?

Answer 20

ACA - supplies to anteromedial of cerebrum
MCA - supplies most of the lateral portion of cerebrum
PCA - supplies posterior part of the brain, both medially and laterally

Question 21

blood supply to the cerebellum

Answer 21

• superior cerebellar artery (SCA) ; branch from basilar artery - supplies superior and middle cerebellar peduncles and midbrain
• anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA); branch from basilar artery - supplies middle cerebellar peduncles and inferolateral pons
• posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA); branch from vertebral artery - supplies inferior cerebellar peduncles and inferolateral medulla

Question 22

venous drainage of the cerebellum

Answer 22

superior and inferior cerebellar veins –> superior petrosal, transverse and straight dural venous sinuses

Question 23

venous drainage of the cerebral

Answer 23

• superior sagittal sinus
• inferior sagittal sinus
• cerebral veins
• transverse sinus
• straight sinus
• sinus confluence