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Anatomy 1 > thorax > Flashcards

thorax Flashcards

1
Q

thorax

A

= chest
between neck and diaphragm

  • cylinder that is more narrow at the top and wider at the bottom
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2
Q

thoracic cavity parts

A

pleural cavities -2

mediastinum

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3
Q

pleural cavities

A

right and left
each contain a lung
- each are separated one does not affect the other

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4
Q

mediastinum

A

thick soft tissue partition between 2 pleural cavities

- can enter without entering pleural cavity

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5
Q

what encloses the thoracic cavity ?

A

thoracic wall

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6
Q

superior thorax

A

superior thoracic aperture

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7
Q

inferior thorax

A

inferior thoracic aperture

- Filled by the diaphragm

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8
Q

anterior thorax

A

contains sternum and costal cartilages

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9
Q

posterior thorax

A

thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs and posterior portion of the ribs

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10
Q

lateral thorax

A

ribs

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11
Q

functions of thorax

A

ventilation
protection
conduit

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12
Q

ventilation

A

breathing

  • inspirations and expiration
  • both have to do with changing air volume via diaphragm moving up and down [sides of diaphragm also contribute]
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13
Q

protection

A

thoracic wall protects :

lungs, heart, liver, stomach, spleen, superior kidneys

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14
Q

conduit

A

multiple structures pass though here as they move from one part of the body to another

connection of the thoracic regions to other body parts

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15
Q

what are the bones that help make up the chest wall?

A

collectively called the thoracic/rib cage

  • thoracic vertebrate = 2 and intervertebral disks
  • ribs
  • sternum
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16
Q

costae

A

ribs

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17
Q

sternum

A

hematopoietic structure

3 parts

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18
Q

3 part of the sternum

A

manubrium - superior part

body - main part

xiphoid process - inferior part

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19
Q

costal cartilage

A

connects the upper 10 ribs to sternum

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20
Q

floating ribs

A

last 2 ribs since they have no skeletal connections

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21
Q

manubrium

A

top part is called the sternal notch

bottom part touching body is Called the sternal angle

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22
Q

shoulder girdle

A

clavicle and scapulae

not part of the appendicular skeleton

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23
Q

pectoral region

A

“pecs”

outside the thoracic wall

contain breasts and other muscles

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24
Q

intercostal muscles

A

fill in the space between the ribs and gives structural support to the chest well

help resist the intrathoracic pressures that drive respiration

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25
Q

intercostal blood supply

A

same structure as the rib cage

run in the intercostal spaces b/w the ribs

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26
Q

intercostal arteries

A

branches of the thoracic aorta or internal thoracic artery

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27
Q

intercostal veins

A

drain blood from thoracic wall into the azygos venous system

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28
Q

thoracic nervous system

A

12 spinal nerves

  • exit foramen and divide into anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal ramus
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29
Q

spinal nerves

A

have grey and white communicates that connect the spinal nerve to to the sympathetic trunk

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30
Q

posterior rami

A

run posteriorly to supply skin, muscles and joints of back

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31
Q

anterior rami 1-11

A

1-11 form the intercostal nerves

each runs with intercostal artery and vein to supply anterior/lateral parts of the chest wall, skin and muscles

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32
Q

12th anterior ramus

A

forms the subcostal nerve

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33
Q

dermatome

A

in the embryo- the body was created in segments by somites.

somites are blocks of tissue that form the bone, muscle, and skin.
dermatomes follow this patten
it is conserved,
help diagnose neurologic problems of the spinal nerve and cord.

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34
Q

shingles

A

herpes zoster
- comes from previous varicella infection

  • unilateral and affects a single dermatome
    usually a thoracic one or around the eyes
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35
Q

diaphragm

A

dome shaped skeletal muscle sheet

-fills the inferior thoracic aperture

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36
Q

diaphragm separates

A

thoracic and abdominal cavities

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37
Q

muscles fibers of the diaphragm

A

peripherally attach to the boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture and converge to attache to the central tendon

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38
Q

diaphragm layout

A

anterior attachments are higher than the posterior attachments

back of dome is lower than the front

lateral are lower than the central

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39
Q

what is the lowest part of the thoracic cavity?

A

located along the posterolateral attachments of the diaphragm to the ribs

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40
Q

openings of the diaphragm

A

vena caval foramen

esophageal hiatus

arotic hiatus

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41
Q

vena caval foramen

A

at the horizontal T8 vertebra inferior vena cava

right of the midline

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42
Q

esophageal hiatus

A

horizontal level of the 10th thoracic vertebra

in midline
- for the esophagus and vagus x nerves

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43
Q

esophageal hiatus diaphragm fibers

A

the fibers that form this, help prevent gastro-esophageal reflux

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44
Q

arotic hiatus

A

located at the horizontal level of the 12th thoracic vertebra

in midline and technically beihind the diaphragm

there are no muscle fibers of the diaphragm that run posterior to the aorta

  • contains decending aorta
    thoracic duct
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45
Q

hiatal hernia

A

abnormal protrusion of n organ or other body structure through a defect / natural opening in a covering membrane/muscle. bone.

usually stomach though the esophageal hiatus

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46
Q

hiccup

A

involuntary spasmic contraction of the diaphragm.

it is the start of inspiration, but is checked by a sudden close of the glottis causing a sound

home remedies try to break the neurologic cycle

trying not to breathe until it stops

47
Q

glottis

A

controlled by vagus nerve 10

48
Q

respiration

A

contraction - flattens [increases size of the thoracic cavity and lowers pressure]

relaxes- thoracic cavity pressure increses

49
Q

quiet breathing

A

only muscle that is moving is diaphragm

only moves during inspiration

expiration is passive

50
Q

forced inspiration

A

also uses intercostal muscles to move the ribs apart

51
Q

forced expiration

A

intercostal muscles pull the ribs together to make the cavity smaller

52
Q

what is the weakest side of the abdominal cavity

A

superior part, so the organs move in that direction which decreases size of the thoracic cavity

this happens when the abdominal muscles compress the abdominal cavity with increases the pressure on abdomen

53
Q

phrenic nerves

A

motor supply for the diaphragm

supplies sensory innervation to Both the fibrous pericardium and the portion go the parietal pleura lining the mediastinal wall

54
Q

where do the phrenic nerves arise from?

A

cervical spinal cord levels
c3-5

arise in the neck and decend though the mediastinum along their respective lateral sides of the heart [b/w the fibrous pericardium and the mediastinal pleura

55
Q

what do the phrenic nerves supply?

A

each supplies its specific half of the diaphragm

each piece through the diaphragm

they branch to distributed to the diaphragm on its inferior aspect

56
Q

hemidiaphragms

A

2 sides of the diaphragm

57
Q

diaphragm sensory innervation

A

most of the diaphragm including the central tendon is supplied though the phrenic nerves

peripheral parts of the diaphragm recieve innervation from the lower intercostal and subcostal nerves

58
Q

side ache

A

from over-stretching of the diaphragm during exercise

because of the phrenic nerves

can cause referred pain elsewhere chest, neck and shoulders

59
Q

mediastinum subdivisions

A

created at a transverse plane between T4 and T5

a. superior mediastinum
b. inferior mediastinum

60
Q

inferior mediastinum divisions

A

divided by the pericardium into

a. anterior mediastinum [in front of the pericardium]
b. middle mediastinum [pericardium and its contents]
c. posterior mediastinum [behind the pericardium]

61
Q

3 branches of the aorta

A

brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery

62
Q

what does the an anterior mediastinum contain?

A

lower part of the thymus

63
Q

what does the middle mediastinum contain?

A 
H: heart and pericardium 
A: asending aorta 
P: pulmonary trunk 
S: superior vena cava - termination 
I: inferior vena cava- termination 
P: pulmonary veins -termination 
P: phrenic nerve
64
Q

great vessels

A 
these are the blood vessels attaching to the heart: 
aorta 
pulmonary trunk 
pulmonary veins 
venae cavae [ superior and inferior]
65
Q

posterior mediastinum contains?

A 
thoracic aorta[ direct branches]
azygos venous sytem 
esophagus 
vagus nerve 
thoracic duct

TATE V

66
Q

what does the superior mediastinum contain?

A 
B: brachiocephalic veins 
A: aorta and 3 branch's
T: trachea
T: thymus [upper part]
L: left recurrent laryngeal nerve 
E: esophagus - upper

P: phrenic nerve
V: vagus nerve
S: superior vena cava
T: thoracic duct

67
Q

thymus

A

is not really a gland

it is a lymphatic organ located in there superior mediastinum - just behind the sternum

68
Q

thymus function

A

main source of mature t lymphocytes

69
Q

thymus and age

A

changes with age;

birth-adolescence : large and functional

adulthood: not really active and replaced by fat

70
Q

visceral pleurae

A

portion lining the organ

there are 2- 1 for each lung [left and right visceral pleurae

fits into every nook and cranny

very thin the they can’t be dissected from heart surface

71
Q

parietal pleurae

A

portion lining the inside wall of the cavity

2- 1 for each lung [left and right parietal pleurae]

thicker than visceral pleura

small amount of fascia between it and the surfaces it covers, as a result it cannot be dissected away from the surfaces it associates with

72
Q

pleural cavity

A

potential space between the 2 pleurae

contains serous pleural fluid

73
Q

serous pleural fluid

A

keeps the surfaces of the pleurae moist and lubricates them so they can move upon each other easily

the surface tension created by this provides the cohesion needed to keep the lung surface in contact with the thoracic wall [ie. the parietal pleura]
- so when the chest expands the lungs expand and fill with air

74
Q

hilum

A

where the structures of the root of each lung enter and exit

75
Q

Where do the visceral and parietal pleura join?

A

at the hilum

this where where they are continuous with each other

76
Q

cupula

A

the cervical part of each parietal pleura that extends superiorly thought the superior thoracic aperture into the root of the neck forms a cup shaped dome over the apex of the lung called this.

77
Q

outer surface of the parietal pleura lining the mediastinum

A

is on contact with the fibrous pericardium

there is a small amount of fascia connecting these layers

in this fascia the phrenic nerve run though the chest

78
Q

costadiaphragmatic recess

A

note during expiration, the lungs do not completely occupy all of the pleural cavities. there are places where the parietal and visceral pleura are not on contact with each other. they are called this.

form the lowest portions of the pleural cavities . excess fluid gathers here first.

79
Q

visceral pleura innervation

A

not highly innervated, so not very sensitive

supplied by the visceral afferent fibers [nociceptive fibers] - mostly carried along sympathetic nerves originating from the thoracic spinal cord levels

80
Q

parietal pleura innervation

A

richly innervated by somatic afferent fibers

[nociceptive] via. the intercostal and phrenic nerves

81
Q

painful stimuli of the parietal pleura

A

can causes local chest pain

and referred pain to the root of the neck and shoulder regions

82
Q

pleurisy

A

=pleuritis

= inflammation of the pleura

83
Q

3 sulcus found on the surface of the heart

A

coronary sulcus

anterior inter ventricular sulcus

posterior inter ventricular sulcus

84
Q

coronary sulcus

A

groove located where the atria meet the ventricles

= atrioventricular sulcus

85
Q

anterior interventricular sulcus

A

groove is located at the anterior aspect of the inter ventricular septum

86
Q

posterior interventricular sulcus

A

groove is located at the posterior aspect of the inter ventricular septum

87
Q

infundibulum

A

= cornus arteriosus

88
Q

aortic vestibule

A

leads to aorta

89
Q

left atrioventricular valve

A

mitral valve = bicuspid valve

90
Q

semilunar valves

A

left semilunar - aortic valve

right semilunar vales - pulmonary valve

91
Q

coronary arteries

A

2 of them right and left

supply the heart wall - myocardium

branch off the ascending aorta

92
Q

heart

A

end artery organ because there is little anastomosis between the coronary arteries

93
Q

right coronary artery supplies what?

A

right atrium

sinoatrial node

atrioventricular node

most of the right ventricle

posterior aspect of the left ventricle

94
Q

left coronary artery supplies what?

A

left atrium

most of the left ventricle

anterior aspect of the right ventricle

95
Q

cardiac veins

A

veins that drain the heart

primarily return the blood into the right atrium.

NO VALVES IN ANY VENOUS STRUCTURE

96
Q

coronary artery disease

A

decreased blood flow to myocardium

occlusion of coronary artery

97
Q

thrombus

A

if a clot forms and plugs the vessel where it forms

98
Q

embolus

A

if a clot forms and travels to a different place and lodges a vessel

99
Q

infraction

A

plugged artery -> ischemia->necrosis

necrosis as a result of lack of blood

100
Q

heart attack other name

A

myocardial infarction

101
Q

capula clinical tie in

A

there are many neuromuscular structure in the root of the beck that can be compromised buy this

and pathologies in the root of the neck can affect adjacent pleura and lung

102
Q

acute pleurisy

A

starts with a dry stage with the pleura are red and covered in a thin exudate

dry cough, fever, stitch in side and a rub [ rubbing sound upon listening with a stethoscope

103
Q

liquid effusion stage of pleurisy

A

pleural cavity is filled with copious exudation of serum
inflamed pleura can have adhesions that become permanent

less pain but develops
dyspnea - trouble breathing

104
Q

right lung

A

larger than left , but shorter b/c of liver [ hemidiaphragm is higher]

3 lobes: superior , middle, inferior

105
Q

left lung

A

smaller since it has to make more room for the heart

2 lobes: superior and inferior

106
Q

apex of lung

A

each lung has an apex, portion that extended into the root of the neck and projects outside the chest

107
Q

3 surfaces of the lung

A

costal
diaphragmatic - base
mediastinal

108
Q

mediastinal surface of the left lung

A

has a concavity called cardiac impression [to make took of the heart]

109
Q

lingula

A

thin tongue like part of the upper lobe that forms the anterior part of the cardiac impression

110
Q

how is the mediastinum connected to the lung

A

connected at the mediastinal surface of the lung via the root of the lung

111
Q

what is the root of each lung made of?

A
  1. primary bronchus - and blood supply
  2. . pulmonary artery
  3. superior and inferior pulmonary veins
  4. pulmonary plexus of nerves[sympathetic [visceral afferent] and parasympathetic[ visceral afferents]
  5. lymphatics
112
Q

Sinus venarum

A

Where vena cava attach to rt atrium

Where sa node is

113
Q

SA node

A

Sends impulse top down, so blood can travel down to up

Note cardiac skeleton insulates they ventricles from the stria so that the impulses cannot pass directly from the atria to the ventricles

Anatomy 1 (3 decks)

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