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Anatomy 1 > Intro to Human Anatomy part 2 > Flashcards

Intro to Human Anatomy part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Integument

A

Skin
Also called cutous , derma
Covers everywhere except surface of eye

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2
Q

Epidermis

A
  • 3 layers on the outside of the skin
  • This is an epithelium
  • Avascular - no blood supply ; cells have to get their supply from deeper structures
  • Full of a protein called keratin
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3
Q

Keratin

A

Water proof

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4
Q

Function of epidermis

A

To control water and prevent water loss

So cant absorb water through skin b/c its waterproof and cannot absorb water

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5
Q

Dermis

A

Connective tissue layer
Vascular
Holds epidermis in place
Deep to epidermis

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6
Q

Hypoderm

A 
Deep to dermis 
Also called telasubcutneous , subcutaneous 
Fatty layer 
Some may have more than others 
Not really strong
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7
Q

Pinoculus adiposus

A

Apron of fat

It’s around belly

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8
Q

Appendages

A

Structures associated with skin - hair, nail, glands [oil, sweat, riferous, mamallary gland, lectiferous glands]

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9
Q

Functions of skin

A 
Forms a barrier [outside out, inside in]
Immunity [antigen presenting structures] 
Homeostasis 
Sensory - touch 
Secretion 
Excretion - sweat

BISHES- acronym

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10
Q

How does skin help with homeostasis?

A

Prevents water loss

Heat control [temp control]

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11
Q

Vascular layers of skin

A

Hypodermis and dermis

Can vasodilate and vasoconstrict

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12
Q

Cleavage lines

A

Arrangement of tissues in the skin
Lines of lung
If cut across - more scaring
If cut parallel - less scaring , more healing

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13
Q

Fasciae

A

Connective tissue deep to integument

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14
Q

Superficial fasciae

A

Subcutaneous tissue

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15
Q

Deep fascia

A

What the hypoderm is attached to
Very strong
Continuous sheet through the entire body except for face or peri-anal region [close to perinium]

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16
Q

Skin of palm of hand

A

Has a lot cutaneous ligaments, but they are really short

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17
Q

Cutaneous ligaments

A

They run from the deep fascia through adipose layer and attach to dermis. [this anchors skin to deep fasica] - strong dense.

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18
Q

Back of hand skin

A

Few cutaneous ligaments and they are a lot longer

So they are more mobile as a result

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19
Q

Bursa

A

Hollow sacks, they have a the same lining as found in joints called the synovial membrane

  • makes slippery
    Put between structures that Will move; decrease friction between structures (ie. Ligament and bone, or bone and bone, etc)
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20
Q

Bursitis

A

Swells up and gets puffy , gets extra fluid inside the sacks

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21
Q

Skeletal system

A

Bones and cartilage

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22
Q

2 regions of skeletal system

A

Axial : Skull, neck, chest, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
Appendicular- everything else [shoulder girdle - clavicle and scapula and pelvic girdle - hip bones]

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23
Q

Cartilage

A

Not as rigid as bone
Slippery/ slidey
Avascular
Good surface for joints

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24
Q

Bone

A

Hard ridged structure
2 types: compact and spongy

Each bone is its own organ Because it has its bone tissue and marrow tissue

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25
Q

Compact bone

A

Solid bone, that forms the outside of most bones

Everything is very tight

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26
Q

Spongy bone

A

Inside of most bones - honey comb like

Also called cancellous bone

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27
Q

Bone marrow

A

Fill in the holes of spongy bone

Tissue that makes blood cells

Hemopoetic.

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28
Q

Long bones

A

Are long

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29
Q

Short bones

A

Short and smooth bones.

Ex wrist and ankle

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30
Q

Flat bones

A

Overall shape is flat, no expanded ends

Ex. Skull, ribs

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31
Q

Irregular bones

A

They are weird in shape

Vertebrate , and face

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32
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Bones that develop inside of a tendon
Change the vector pull of a tendon, so it can have more of a mechanical advantage

Ex. Patella

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33
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Only have flat and irregular bones

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34
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Long, short and some flat bones

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35
Q

Development of bones

A

Develop in 2 processes:

  • [intermembranous process ]
  • endochondral
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36
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Soft embryonic connective tissue

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37
Q

Intramembranous process

A

mesenchyme directly turns into bone
Mesenchyme->bone making cells-> bone
Mesenchyme makes a membrane and make bone inside the membrane

Most flat bones - those of the cranial cavity

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38
Q

Endochondral process

A

Where mesenchyme makes cells that make cartilage —> the cartilage cells make a model of the bone out of cartilage —> cartilage is replaced by bone tissue

  • doesn’t finish development until high school to college (18 or so)

Ex. Appendicular skeleton

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39
Q

Joints

A

Also called articulation

Where bones come together

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40
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Have some connective tissue holding the bones together

Ex. Sutures in skull [ move a littler, but not really]

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41
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Have 2 bones with a chunk of cartilage stuck between them

Ex. Intervertebral discs between vertebra ; symphysis pubis ; where ribs hook onto sternum

Some movement but not a lot

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42
Q

Synovial joints

A

Elbows, knees, hips, shoulders, jaws

Have a lot of movement

Have a lubricating fluid in them, looks and feels like egg white - same stuff inside bursae

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43
Q

Synovial joints parts

A

Joint capsule : ligament structure that surrounds the joint and defines a joint space [dense connective tissue]

Space - physical space where fluid is

Synovial membrane - makes synovial fluid [located inside capsule facing joint space]

Acticular cartilage - parts of the bones that are enclosed inside [ always covered with cartilage]

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44
Q

Fracture

A

Any brake of a bone

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45
Q

Compound fracture

A

When after breaking it pokes out of skin

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46
Q

Simple fracture

A

When it doesn’t poke out of skin after breaking

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47
Q

Green stick fracture

A

When kids break bones, they are still stringy

Ex. When break fresh tree branch

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48
Q

Sprains

A

Injuries to ligaments

Ligaments don’t get a good blood supply , so they take months to heal if ever

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49
Q

Muscular system

A

Motion and locomotion for body

Each muscle is its own organ because they are more than just muscle tissue

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50
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal - makes most muscles we think of including eye muscles - voluntary muscles

Cardiac - specifically only found in the walls of the heart

Smooth - doesn’t have characteristic striations in there [involuntary]
- iris, sphincter pupaile , stomach and intestine

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51
Q

Muscle cell

A

= muscle fiber

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52
Q

Muscle belly

A

Central region of each muscle

Attach to things via tendons

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53
Q

Tendon

A

Non contacting

Dense connective tissue

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54
Q

Origin of muscle

A

Less movable attachment

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55
Q

Insertion

A

More movable attachment

56
Q

Flat muscles

A

Abdominals

57
Q

Pennate muscles

A

Feather muscles
Tendon on one side then muscle comes on one side

Bipennate
Multipennate muscles

58
Q

Fusiform muscles

A

Extra ocular muscles ; spindle shaped

Thicker in center and tapered on earth ER end

59
Q

Quadrate muscles

A

Square

60
Q

Circular muscles

A

Like obiqualer oculi for closing your eyelids

Round

61
Q

Multibellied muscles

A

Multiple Muscles bellies in line or in random

Ex. Digastric

62
Q

Multiheaded muscle

A

One end of the muscle is only 1 tendon, then others end have 2 tendons or 3

Biceps and triceps

63
Q

Reflexive contractions

A

Involuntary contractions
Rapid
Pupil constriction
- can be in smooth or skeletal muscle

Ie. Knee being hit and moving

64
Q

Tonic

A

Continuous contracted state
Muscle tone

Gives muscle the firm feel

65
Q

Phasic

A

When you voluntarily contract a muscle

66
Q

Kinds of phasic contortions

A

Isometric

Isotonic

67
Q

Type of isotonic

A

Concentric

Eccentric

68
Q

Isometric

A

Same length
contract muscle, but overall muscle doesn’t change length

Pushing on wall

69
Q

Isotonic

A

can change length when contracting muscle

True motion

Bending arm

70
Q

Concentric

A

Muscle physically shortens

Ex. Arm curl

71
Q

Eccentric

A

Muscle is getting longer

Slowly unbending arm

72
Q

Agonist

A

Muscles that produce the motion that we want

Ex. Biceps brachii when curling

73
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscles that work on the opposite side

NOTE: muscles can only shorten and cant lengthen themselves out , have to get pulled longer by a different muscle

Ex. Triceps brachii when curling

74
Q

Synergist muscle

A

Helping agonist do what we need them to and making sure nothing else happens

Helps control movement

75
Q

Sharrington’s law

A

If agonist contracting, then antagonist is relaxed

76
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Moving blood around

77
Q

Arteries - arterioles

A

Arteries: Carry blood away from heart

Arterioles : smallest of arteries

78
Q

Veins - venules

A

Veins: Take blood towards the heart

Venules: smallest of veins

79
Q

Capillaries

A

One cell think
Area for exchange - bad air out, good air n , nutrients out , waste in

Note: fluid leaves capillaries and becomes interstitial fluid [on arterial side - fluid is mostly going out into the body cells]

On Venus end regather fluid into the blood

Note: but not a lot of it

80
Q

Microcirculatory bed

A

Ateriole - capillary- venule

81
Q

Anastomoses

A

Can have more than one artery heading into a structure

All of our skeletal muscles get more than one artery going in them , so if one gets plugged there is another one open

Ex. Knee, shoulder

82
Q

Collateral circulation

A

Anastomoses makes this. Ie. Meaning side circulation

83
Q

End artery organ

A

Organs that don’t have a collateral circulation

Ex. Brain, heart , kidneys, lung

If plug up a blood vessel and the site that the vessel feed will die

84
Q

Generalized circulation pattern - pulmonary

A

Blood has no oxygen and has to go to lungs to get oxygen

From right side of heart

Blood comes into the body into rt. Atrium -> down into rt. Ventricle -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries —> arterioles -> capillaries -> alveoli -> Venules -> pulmonary veins - left atrium -> left ventricle [thicker] ->aorta

85
Q

Systemic circulation

A

From aorta to rest of the body

86
Q

Portal system

A

Blood goes through 2 capillaries before gets back to heart

Ie. goes to 2 organs

Hepatic portal, pituitary gland , kidneys

87
Q

Ischemia

A

Not getting enough blood , o2

88
Q

Necrosis

A

Tissue dying

89
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

Extra set of capillaries
Same number as blood capillaries
Gather extra fluid that didn’t make it back into blood

90
Q

Edema

A

Too much fluid enters tissue

91
Q

Lymph system

A

Lymph capillaries -> vessels -> channels -> rt lymphatic duct/ thoracic duct [ neck area, where they dump fluid back into blood]

92
Q

Rt lymph duct vs thoracic duct

A

Drains all lymph from rt side of head and rt side of neck, rt, upper extremity, and rt side of chest down to diaphram

  • all other lymph from whole rest of your body goes into thoracic duct

Join in where internal jugular vein and subclavian vein join together called the Venus angle at the root of neck

93
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Hold immune cells - lymphocytes

Every drop of lymph before it goes back into the blood has to go through at least one node.

94
Q

Lymphatic organs

A

Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils - 4
Diffuse tissue - conjunctiva lining of eye; lining of digestive and respiratory system, urogential system [have scattered lymphocytes in lamina propria] ——- called diffuse because they don’t have a proper structure like the others

95
Q

Spleen

A
  • immunologic blood filter [ basically Has immune cells to check for foreign and dangerous molecules/substances in blood before it moves to rest of the body]
  • Gets a huge blood supply than why it needs for its metabolism
96
Q

Thymus

A

Mor active when kids , but as we get older specifically now turns into fat

Where we make t lymphocytes specifically

97
Q

Tonsils

A

Do similar functions as lymph nodes

98
Q

Acute vs chronic vs subacute

A

Acute : less than 6 weeks
Chronic : going on fro at least 3 months
Subacute: if in between 6 weeks to 3 months

99
Q

Acute Inflammation

A

cardinal signs

  1. Swelling - tumor
  2. Pain - dolar
  3. Redness - lobor
  4. Hot - calor
100
Q

Nervous system

A

Control system of the body

A lot more info going in than going out

Limited things that it can do - contract muscle or not

101
Q

Itis

A

Inflammation

102
Q

2 regions of nervous system

A

Central - brain and spinal cord

Peripheral - reset of the body

103
Q

Central nervous system

A

Grey matter

White matter - mylinated

104
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Has nerves [ no nerves in brain or spinal cord - there are nerves that attach to them]

12 CN attach to the brain
31 spinal nerves

105
Q

Vasciuli or tracts

A

Groups Nerve fibers in brain or spinal cord

106
Q

Ganglia

A

Peripheral nerve system

Nerve cell bodies

107
Q

Nucleus

A

Nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system

108
Q

Nerve Endings

A

Touch receptors, or hair cells in ear

109
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Not voluntary controlled

Ex. Smooth, cardiac, glands [ie. Visceral structures]

110
Q

Sympathetic

A

Fight of flight

111
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Rest and digest

112
Q

Somatic

A

Under conscious control ,

Ex. Skeletal muscles, main senses [seeing, hearing, touching]

NOTE: Taste and smell are more visceral

113
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell that carries all the information

114
Q

Soma

A

Cell body

115
Q

Dendrites

A

Bring info in

116
Q

Axons

A

Take info away

117
Q

Synapses

A

Between axon and dendrite

Where neurotransmitters , point of control between one neuron and another neuron

118
Q

Support cells

A

As many as neurons

119
Q

Afferent

A

Bringing info into the CNS

- somatic and visceral [hungry, thirsty] info coming in

120
Q

Efferent

A

Taking info away from CNS

  • somatic: muscles
  • visceral : autonomics
121
Q

Reflex

A

Automatic responses the body uses

  • afferent side to bring info in
  • efferent limb that goes out
122
Q

2 types of respiration

A

Ventilation : breathing

Gas exchange at capillaries

123
Q

Repiratory system

A

Lumen is considered outside

124
Q

Digestive system

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption

Again lumen - outside

125
Q

Urogential system

A

Urinary : urine
Genital system : games

Share organs

Again lumen - outside

126
Q

Endocrine system

A

Series of glands
2 types: exocrine - secrete material into ducts [ex. Salivary glands]
Endocrine glands - secrete material directly into blood [ductless glands]

Pituitary gland

127
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete hormones

128
Q

Homones

A

Aqueous - only go to cell membrane [ use 2nd messenger]

Steroid [lipid] - enter cell and nucleus

129
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Runs several other of endocrine glands

130
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Basal metabolic rate ; ca metabolism in and out of the blood

131
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Ca metabolism in and out of the blood

132
Q

Pancreatic islets

A

Islets of langerhans

Glucose metabolism

133
Q

Adrenal glands/ super renal glands

A

Fight or flight
Adrenaline
Water balance

134
Q

Gonads

A

Gametes and sex hormones

135
Q

Pineal

A

Melatonin for circadian rhythms

Anatomy 1 (3 decks)

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