Intro to Human Anatomy part 2 Flashcards
Integument
Skin
Also called cutous , derma
Covers everywhere except surface of eye
Epidermis
- 3 layers on the outside of the skin
- This is an epithelium
- Avascular - no blood supply ; cells have to get their supply from deeper structures
- Full of a protein called keratin
Keratin
Water proof
Function of epidermis
To control water and prevent water loss
So cant absorb water through skin b/c its waterproof and cannot absorb water
Dermis
Connective tissue layer
Vascular
Holds epidermis in place
Deep to epidermis
Hypoderm
Deep to dermis Also called telasubcutneous , subcutaneous Fatty layer Some may have more than others Not really strong
Pinoculus adiposus
Apron of fat
It’s around belly
Appendages
Structures associated with skin - hair, nail, glands [oil, sweat, riferous, mamallary gland, lectiferous glands]
Functions of skin
Forms a barrier [outside out, inside in] Immunity [antigen presenting structures] Homeostasis Sensory - touch Secretion Excretion - sweat
BISHES- acronym
How does skin help with homeostasis?
Prevents water loss
Heat control [temp control]
Vascular layers of skin
Hypodermis and dermis
Can vasodilate and vasoconstrict
Cleavage lines
Arrangement of tissues in the skin
Lines of lung
If cut across - more scaring
If cut parallel - less scaring , more healing
Fasciae
Connective tissue deep to integument
Superficial fasciae
Subcutaneous tissue
Deep fascia
What the hypoderm is attached to
Very strong
Continuous sheet through the entire body except for face or peri-anal region [close to perinium]
Skin of palm of hand
Has a lot cutaneous ligaments, but they are really short
Cutaneous ligaments
They run from the deep fascia through adipose layer and attach to dermis. [this anchors skin to deep fasica] - strong dense.
Back of hand skin
Few cutaneous ligaments and they are a lot longer
So they are more mobile as a result
Bursa
Hollow sacks, they have a the same lining as found in joints called the synovial membrane
- makes slippery
Put between structures that Will move; decrease friction between structures (ie. Ligament and bone, or bone and bone, etc)
Bursitis
Swells up and gets puffy , gets extra fluid inside the sacks
Skeletal system
Bones and cartilage
2 regions of skeletal system
Axial : Skull, neck, chest, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
Appendicular- everything else [shoulder girdle - clavicle and scapula and pelvic girdle - hip bones]
Cartilage
Not as rigid as bone
Slippery/ slidey
Avascular
Good surface for joints
Bone
Hard ridged structure
2 types: compact and spongy
Each bone is its own organ Because it has its bone tissue and marrow tissue
Compact bone
Solid bone, that forms the outside of most bones
Everything is very tight
Spongy bone
Inside of most bones - honey comb like
Also called cancellous bone
Bone marrow
Fill in the holes of spongy bone
Tissue that makes blood cells
Hemopoetic.
Long bones
Are long
Short bones
Short and smooth bones.
Ex wrist and ankle
Flat bones
Overall shape is flat, no expanded ends
Ex. Skull, ribs
Irregular bones
They are weird in shape
Vertebrate , and face
Sesamoid bones
Bones that develop inside of a tendon
Change the vector pull of a tendon, so it can have more of a mechanical advantage
Ex. Patella
Axial skeleton
Only have flat and irregular bones
Appendicular skeleton
Long, short and some flat bones
Development of bones
Develop in 2 processes:
- [intermembranous process ]
- endochondral
Mesenchyme
Soft embryonic connective tissue
Intramembranous process
mesenchyme directly turns into bone
Mesenchyme->bone making cells-> bone
Mesenchyme makes a membrane and make bone inside the membrane
Most flat bones - those of the cranial cavity
Endochondral process
Where mesenchyme makes cells that make cartilage —> the cartilage cells make a model of the bone out of cartilage —> cartilage is replaced by bone tissue
- doesn’t finish development until high school to college (18 or so)
Ex. Appendicular skeleton
Joints
Also called articulation
Where bones come together
Fibrous joints
Have some connective tissue holding the bones together
Ex. Sutures in skull [ move a littler, but not really]
Cartilaginous joints
Have 2 bones with a chunk of cartilage stuck between them
Ex. Intervertebral discs between vertebra ; symphysis pubis ; where ribs hook onto sternum
Some movement but not a lot
Synovial joints
Elbows, knees, hips, shoulders, jaws
Have a lot of movement
Have a lubricating fluid in them, looks and feels like egg white - same stuff inside bursae
Synovial joints parts
Joint capsule : ligament structure that surrounds the joint and defines a joint space [dense connective tissue]
Space - physical space where fluid is
Synovial membrane - makes synovial fluid [located inside capsule facing joint space]
Acticular cartilage - parts of the bones that are enclosed inside [ always covered with cartilage]
Fracture
Any brake of a bone
Compound fracture
When after breaking it pokes out of skin
Simple fracture
When it doesn’t poke out of skin after breaking
Green stick fracture
When kids break bones, they are still stringy
Ex. When break fresh tree branch
Sprains
Injuries to ligaments
Ligaments don’t get a good blood supply , so they take months to heal if ever
Muscular system
Motion and locomotion for body
Each muscle is its own organ because they are more than just muscle tissue
Types of muscle tissue
Skeletal - makes most muscles we think of including eye muscles - voluntary muscles
Cardiac - specifically only found in the walls of the heart
Smooth - doesn’t have characteristic striations in there [involuntary]
- iris, sphincter pupaile , stomach and intestine
Muscle cell
= muscle fiber
Muscle belly
Central region of each muscle
Attach to things via tendons
Tendon
Non contacting
Dense connective tissue
Origin of muscle
Less movable attachment
Insertion
More movable attachment
Flat muscles
Abdominals
Pennate muscles
Feather muscles
Tendon on one side then muscle comes on one side
Bipennate
Multipennate muscles
Fusiform muscles
Extra ocular muscles ; spindle shaped
Thicker in center and tapered on earth ER end
Quadrate muscles
Square
Circular muscles
Like obiqualer oculi for closing your eyelids
Round
Multibellied muscles
Multiple Muscles bellies in line or in random
Ex. Digastric
Multiheaded muscle
One end of the muscle is only 1 tendon, then others end have 2 tendons or 3
Biceps and triceps
Reflexive contractions
Involuntary contractions
Rapid
Pupil constriction
- can be in smooth or skeletal muscle
Ie. Knee being hit and moving
Tonic
Continuous contracted state
Muscle tone
Gives muscle the firm feel
Phasic
When you voluntarily contract a muscle
Kinds of phasic contortions
Isometric
Isotonic
Type of isotonic
Concentric
Eccentric
Isometric
Same length
contract muscle, but overall muscle doesn’t change length
Pushing on wall
Isotonic
can change length when contracting muscle
True motion
Bending arm
Concentric
Muscle physically shortens
Ex. Arm curl
Eccentric
Muscle is getting longer
Slowly unbending arm
Agonist
Muscles that produce the motion that we want
Ex. Biceps brachii when curling
Antagonist
Muscles that work on the opposite side
NOTE: muscles can only shorten and cant lengthen themselves out , have to get pulled longer by a different muscle
Ex. Triceps brachii when curling
Synergist muscle
Helping agonist do what we need them to and making sure nothing else happens
Helps control movement
Sharrington’s law
If agonist contracting, then antagonist is relaxed
Cardiovascular system
Moving blood around
Arteries - arterioles
Arteries: Carry blood away from heart
Arterioles : smallest of arteries
Veins - venules
Veins: Take blood towards the heart
Venules: smallest of veins
Capillaries
One cell think
Area for exchange - bad air out, good air n , nutrients out , waste in
Note: fluid leaves capillaries and becomes interstitial fluid [on arterial side - fluid is mostly going out into the body cells]
On Venus end regather fluid into the blood
Note: but not a lot of it
Microcirculatory bed
Ateriole - capillary- venule
Anastomoses
Can have more than one artery heading into a structure
All of our skeletal muscles get more than one artery going in them , so if one gets plugged there is another one open
Ex. Knee, shoulder
Collateral circulation
Anastomoses makes this. Ie. Meaning side circulation
End artery organ
Organs that don’t have a collateral circulation
Ex. Brain, heart , kidneys, lung
If plug up a blood vessel and the site that the vessel feed will die
Generalized circulation pattern - pulmonary
Blood has no oxygen and has to go to lungs to get oxygen
From right side of heart
Blood comes into the body into rt. Atrium -> down into rt. Ventricle -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries —> arterioles -> capillaries -> alveoli -> Venules -> pulmonary veins - left atrium -> left ventricle [thicker] ->aorta
Systemic circulation
From aorta to rest of the body
Portal system
Blood goes through 2 capillaries before gets back to heart
Ie. goes to 2 organs
Hepatic portal, pituitary gland , kidneys
Ischemia
Not getting enough blood , o2
Necrosis
Tissue dying
Lymphatic capillaries
Extra set of capillaries
Same number as blood capillaries
Gather extra fluid that didn’t make it back into blood
Edema
Too much fluid enters tissue
Lymph system
Lymph capillaries -> vessels -> channels -> rt lymphatic duct/ thoracic duct [ neck area, where they dump fluid back into blood]
Rt lymph duct vs thoracic duct
Drains all lymph from rt side of head and rt side of neck, rt, upper extremity, and rt side of chest down to diaphram
- all other lymph from whole rest of your body goes into thoracic duct
Join in where internal jugular vein and subclavian vein join together called the Venus angle at the root of neck
Lymph nodes
Hold immune cells - lymphocytes
Every drop of lymph before it goes back into the blood has to go through at least one node.
Lymphatic organs
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils - 4
Diffuse tissue - conjunctiva lining of eye; lining of digestive and respiratory system, urogential system [have scattered lymphocytes in lamina propria] ——- called diffuse because they don’t have a proper structure like the others
Spleen
- immunologic blood filter [ basically Has immune cells to check for foreign and dangerous molecules/substances in blood before it moves to rest of the body]
- Gets a huge blood supply than why it needs for its metabolism
Thymus
Mor active when kids , but as we get older specifically now turns into fat
Where we make t lymphocytes specifically
Tonsils
Do similar functions as lymph nodes
Acute vs chronic vs subacute
Acute : less than 6 weeks
Chronic : going on fro at least 3 months
Subacute: if in between 6 weeks to 3 months
Acute Inflammation
cardinal signs
- Swelling - tumor
- Pain - dolar
- Redness - lobor
- Hot - calor
Nervous system
Control system of the body
A lot more info going in than going out
Limited things that it can do - contract muscle or not
Itis
Inflammation
2 regions of nervous system
Central - brain and spinal cord
Peripheral - reset of the body
Central nervous system
Grey matter
White matter - mylinated
Peripheral nervous system
Has nerves [ no nerves in brain or spinal cord - there are nerves that attach to them]
12 CN attach to the brain
31 spinal nerves
Vasciuli or tracts
Groups Nerve fibers in brain or spinal cord
Ganglia
Peripheral nerve system
Nerve cell bodies
Nucleus
Nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system
Nerve Endings
Touch receptors, or hair cells in ear
Autonomic nervous system
Not voluntary controlled
Ex. Smooth, cardiac, glands [ie. Visceral structures]
Sympathetic
Fight of flight
Parasympathetic
Rest and digest
Somatic
Under conscious control ,
Ex. Skeletal muscles, main senses [seeing, hearing, touching]
NOTE: Taste and smell are more visceral
Neuron
Nerve cell that carries all the information
Soma
Cell body
Dendrites
Bring info in
Axons
Take info away
Synapses
Between axon and dendrite
Where neurotransmitters , point of control between one neuron and another neuron
Support cells
As many as neurons
Afferent
Bringing info into the CNS
- somatic and visceral [hungry, thirsty] info coming in
Efferent
Taking info away from CNS
- somatic: muscles
- visceral : autonomics
Reflex
Automatic responses the body uses
- afferent side to bring info in
- efferent limb that goes out
2 types of respiration
Ventilation : breathing
Gas exchange at capillaries
Repiratory system
Lumen is considered outside
Digestive system
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Again lumen - outside
Urogential system
Urinary : urine
Genital system : games
Share organs
Again lumen - outside
Endocrine system
Series of glands
2 types: exocrine - secrete material into ducts [ex. Salivary glands]
Endocrine glands - secrete material directly into blood [ductless glands]
Pituitary gland
Endocrine glands
Secrete hormones
Homones
Aqueous - only go to cell membrane [ use 2nd messenger]
Steroid [lipid] - enter cell and nucleus
Pituitary gland
Runs several other of endocrine glands
Thyroid gland
Basal metabolic rate ; ca metabolism in and out of the blood
Parathyroid gland
Ca metabolism in and out of the blood
Pancreatic islets
Islets of langerhans
Glucose metabolism
Adrenal glands/ super renal glands
Fight or flight
Adrenaline
Water balance
Gonads
Gametes and sex hormones
Pineal
Melatonin for circadian rhythms
